Second Great Awakening Essays

Second Great Awakening Essays Second Great Awakening Essay Second Great Awakening Essay hello chi associates the Second Great Awakening to the American Civil War. The last principle change ins matched continuously Great Awakening was the Womens Rights development. Womens paretic pupation in the recoveries and the recently talked about changes, in the long run prompted a change Of the Eire own. During the Second Great Awakening ladies support dwarfed mens two t o one. Finned and different evangelist talked about strengthening and how one was in charge of t beneficiary own body and predetermination. Ladies thus were urged to take an interest in the public arena. HTH is additionally the consequence of the social activism the Second Great Awakening caused. Both the Am Rican Temperance Society, 33% to one half ladies, and the American Initials ere Society used considerable ladies interest. Ladies, for example, Angelina and Sarah Grime addressed people the same all over New England about the nullification cause in 1 837 , and when they were scrutinized for their sexual orientation, they reacted by making two fundamental word KS of women's liberation. These works were to clarify the sisters want for equivalent rights and are called Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes and Letters to Catherine E. Beechen. Ladies became to turn out to be progressively discontent absence of rights in spite of their cooperation in their locale, energized constantly Great Awakening, This development t brought about the Seneca Falls Convention, the main show held concerning womens rights, in New York and set the mission for lady testimonial that went on until 1 920 when the objective WA s achieved. Ladies owe a lot of their prosperity to the Second Great Awakening. On a political subject, the Second Great Awakening encouraged Americas soups specialty Of Democracy. Since Finned drearily and absolutely settled that humankind y is in charge of he world and not a celestial force.

Bgp Problems Solutions Essay Example

Bgp Problems Solutions Paper Also, the structure and pervasiveness of BGP has disappointed past endeavors at making sure about intermediation steering. This paper considers the vulnerabilities as of now existing inside intermediation steering and reviews works identifying with BGP security. The impediments and focal points of proposed arrangements are investigated, and the fundamental and operational ramifications of their structures considered. We note that no present arrangement has yet discovered a sufficient harmony between complete security and organization cost. This work calls not just for the utilization of thoughts depicted inside this paper, yet additionally tort further examination concerning the issues and answers for BGP security. Record Terms confirmation, approval, BGP, outskirt door convention, trustworthiness, intermediation steering, arrange security, systems, directing l. I INTRODUCTION The Internet is a worldwide, decentralized system contained numerous littler interconnected systems Networks are to a great extent included end frameworks, alluded to as hosts, and halfway frameworks, called switches. Data goes through a system on one of numerous ways, which are chosen through a steering procedure. Steering conventions impart decency data (how to find Other hosts and switches) and at last perform way determination. A system under the regulatory control of a solitary association is called a self-sufficient framework (AS) The way toward directing Within an AS is called antinomian steering, and steering benzene Asses is called intermediation steering. We will compose a custom article test on Bgp Problems Solutions explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Bgp Problems Solutions explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Bgp Problems Solutions explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The predominant ban directing convention on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) [21. BGP has been conveyed since the centralization of the Internet, and rendition 4 of the convention has been in wide use for longer than 10 years. BGP by and large functions admirably by and by, and its straightforwardness and versatility have empowered it to assume a principal job inside the worldwide Internet [3], notwithstanding meandering no exhibition or security ensures. Shockingly, the constrained certifications gave by BGP now and again add to genuine unsteadiness and blackouts. While many steering disappointments have constrained effect and extension, others may prompt critical and far reaching harm. One such custom-made happened on 25 April 1 997, when a confounded switch kept up by a little specialist organization in Florida infused mistaken steering data into the worldwide Internet and professed to have ideal network to all Internet goals. Since such explanations were not approved at all, they were broadly acknowledged. As an August 7, 2008 DRAFT result, most Internet traffic was directed to this little ISP. The traffic overpowered the confounded and moderate switches, and viably injured the Internet for right around two hours Several comparable occurrences have occurred as of late [51, including a significant blackout brought about by Coned (61 and a blackout for the mainstream Youth webpage (http://www. Youth. Com/) brought about by Pakistan Telecoms 171. Furthermore, spammed (I. E. Individuals sending spam email) here and there bring bogus data into ESP. to empower them to trade email with mail waterways utilizing unallocated IP delivers that are difficult to follow Introducing bogus data into BGP is additionally a compelling path for an assailant to sneak around on traffic on the way to an authentic goal, imitate a Wee site (e. G. , to perform data fraud), or square access to specific destinations [9]. These assaul ts and misinterpretations can Gauge anything from an irrelevant irritation to an overwhelming interchanges disappointment. For instance, basic applications, for example, web based banking, stock exchanging, and supernatural run over the Internet. Critical damage may emerge if correspondence is lost at a pivotal time. As the quantity of radical applications on the Internet develops, so will the dependence on the hidden system foundation to offer solid and secure types of assistance. Therefore, there is extraordinary enthusiasm for expanding the security of BGP, as it is basically the paste that holds the different pieces of the Internet together. For instance, the United States government refers to BGP security as a component of the national methodology to make sure about the internet [10]. Likewise, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has working gatherings concentrating on Routing Protocol Security Requirements [I I] and Secure Intermediation Routing [121 to explore these security issues and fine viable arrangements. BGP security is likewise an unmistakable theme at arrange administrator gatherings and mailing records, for example, the North American Network Operators Group (MANGO) [13]. Ebb and flow look into on BGP centers around uncovering and settling both operational and security concerns. Operational concerns identifying with BGP, for example, versatility, assembly delay (I. E. , the time required for all switches to have a predictable perspective on the system), steering solidness, and execution, have been the subject of much exertion. Additionally, a significant part of the contemporary security look into has concentrated on the trustworthiness, privacy, confirmation, approval, and approval of BGP messages. These two fields of operational issues and security inquire about are intrinsically associated. Triumphs and custom fitted in every area are intuitive to the two networks. This paper investigates operational practice, gauges movement, and progressing research in intermediation steering security, uncovering the similitudes and contrasts in the proposed ways to deal with building a progressively secure Internet framework. The following segment gives a short outline of intermediation directing and BGP. Ensuing segments look at todays security practices and longer-term answers for secure immoderation directing. II. B ORDER G TIDEWAY P ROTATOR The Internet comprises of a huge number of Autonomous Systems (Asses) that utilization the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to trade data about how to arrive at squares of goal IP addresses (called IP prefixes). BGP is a steady convention ?a BGP-talking switch sends a declaration message even another course is accessible, and a withdrawal message When a course does not exist anymore. BGP is additionally a way vector convention, where each AS adds its AS number to the start of the AS way before publicizing the course to the following AS. Every switch chooses a solitary best BGP course for every goal prefix and may apply complex arrangements for choosing a course and choosing August 7, 2008 DRAFT ICANN 12. 0-0. 0/8 202. C. o. On AT 120. 0-0/8 202. 12. 128. 0/18 211. 120. 0. 0/12 SAABS 202. 12. 128. 0/18 ASSESS TALLEST JOPLIN 211. 120. 132. 0/22 SONY 211. 120. 132. 0/22 ASSESS PANIC 210. 0. 0. 07 A case of address assignment from the root (IANA) to provincial and national libraries. Regardless of whether to publicize the course to a neighboring switch in another AS, In this area, we present a review of intermediation steering in the Internet and recorder how the vast majority of Bags security issues come from (I) vulnerability about the connection between IP prefixes and the AS quantities of the Asses vivo oversee them, (ii) the utilization of the Transmission Contr ol Protocol (TCP) as the hidden vehicle convention, and (iii) the possibility to alter course declarations so as to undermine BGP directing strategy. A. IP Prefixes and AS Numbers An IP address is a 32-piece number, commonly spoke to in spotted decimal documentation With a different whole number for every one Of the four octets. Addresses are allocated to organizations in squares of coterminous locations, spoke to by he first location and a veil length. For instance, the prefix 1920. 20/24 contains all tends to where the initial three octets are 192, O, and 2-?the 256 tends to 192. 0-2. 0 to 1920. 2255. Distributing addresses in squares prompts littler steering tables and less course notices, as most switches need just expertise to coordinate traffic toward the square of addresses, instead of putting away separate directing data for each IP address, Since prefixes have variable length, one IP prefix might be totally contained inside another. For instance, a switch may have steering data for two prefixes 211. 120. 0/12 and where the primary prefix totally covers the subsequent one. To conclude how to advance an information bundle, an IP switch distinguishes the longest prefix that coordinates the goal IP address. For instance, a bundle with goal IP address would coordinate 211 , 1 20, 1320/22, since this prefix is more explicit than 211. 12000/12. At first, foundations got address assignments straightforwardly from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and later from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). All the more as of late, ICANN assigned this obligation to address libraries liable for efferent pieces of the world. For instance, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) deals with the IP address assignments for North America, though the R ; Essex IP Europe ens (RIPE) doles out a great part of the location space for Europe, the Middle East, and North E Africa; the Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (PANIC) allots IP addresses in Asia and the Pacific Rim, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry (LACTIC) appropriates address space through the Latin August 7, 2008 DRAFT 12. 34-0. 0/16: AS 3 AS 4 AS 3 12,34. 0. /16: AS 4 AS 2 AS 7 AS 5 AS 2 AS 5 AS 7 12. 4. 0. 0/16: AS 6 12. 34. 0. 0/16: AS 1 ASS 12,34. 0. 0/16: AS 1 AS 6 (a) Regular ad from AS 6, (b) Malicious ad from AS l. Pig. 2. Declaration of prefix starting from the legitimate AS 6 and from a malevolent AS 1. AS 2 and 3 will incline toward the pernicious ad from AS I in light of the fact that the way length will be sh

How to Make Cold Calls When You Are Anxious

How to Make Cold Calls When You Are Anxious Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print How to Make Cold Calls When You Are Anxious By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on July 16, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Getty / Cultura RM / Daniel Allen How do you make cold calls when you are socially anxious? Cold calling anxiety is the fear experienced by salespeople before and during calls to clients with whom they have never spoken. Research shows that 40 percent of salespeople will experience intense anxiety about making cold calls at some point in their careers. How to Make Cold Calls For those with social anxiety disorder (SAD), many aspects of being a salesperson can have the potential to trigger anxietyâ€"and cold calling may be one of the most difficult. The combination of negative self-evaluations with potential negative reactions from clients can cause anxiety. Below are some tips to help you cope with this aspect of sales. Have an Outline Although you may be tempted to read directly from a script, it is better to have a general outline to which you can refer. Reading from a script detaches you from the content of what you are saying and allows your mind to wander. The person on the other end can also usually tell if you are reading from a script, and you may come across as less genuine. Do Your Research   Before you pick up the phone, make sure that you know the name of the person and company that you are calling, and how to pronounce both. Study the needs of the potential customer and how you can meet them. Be clear in your own mind what your goal is before you call. This will allow you to guide the conversation more easily. Be Positive If you are anxious about phone calls in general, try acting as though you arent afraid. Sit straight as you talk, put a smile on your face, and speak as confidently as you can. As long as you have put in the time to properly prepare, there isnt any reason why you cant fake it til you make it. Eventually, your confidence will grow with experience. How Self-Esteem Affects Social Anxiety Disorder Practice Practice what you are going to say, record yourself speaking, listen to the recording, and then make changes based on what you hear. If you dont think you are objective enough, ask someone whom you trust to give you feedback. Doing this exercise will help you to identify aspects of your communication style that may need tweaking, such as how fast you speak or the volume of your voice. 9 Tips to Use Your Best Voice When You Have Social Anxiety Take Notes As much as possible, take notes during your conversation. This will help you to avoid slipping into negative thought patterns and to  focus on what the other person is saying. It will also give you a written record of what was said that you can refer to in future conversations. Research on Cold Calls In a study conducted by the Keller Center at Baylor University, 50 real estate agents from across the United States made 6,264 cold calls. Of those calls, 72 percent were not answered or were wrong numbers. Of the 28 percent of the calls that were answered, on average only 1 out of 59 people agreed to set up an appointment with an agent. Finally, the best time to make phone calls was between 10 am and 2 pm.What do these findings mean for you?Two out of three calls are likely to go unanswered, so think of those dead calls  as chances to catch your breath in between talking to potential clients or customers.If you get a lot of nos in a row, remember that this  is normal and to be expected. You will need to make a large volume of calls to find an interested customerâ€"that is the nature of cold calling and not a reflection on your sales ability. For some inspiration, watch the movie The Pursuit of Happyness with Will Smith and see how much effort he puts into his cold calling.If you hav e a choice of timing, call sometime between mid-morning and mid-afternoon. While it isnt clear why this is the best time to make phone calls, its likely that you are not catching people during their morning catch-up or afternoon crunch. Alternatives to Cold Calls If cold calls just dont seem to be working for you, see if there is a better approach that you can suggest to your supervisor. Many organizations are moving away from cold calls because they are less effective than following up with existing customers and interested leads. 10 Best Jobs for People With Social Anxiety Disorder A Word From Verywell Finally, if your social anxiety is severe to the point that it is hampering your performance at work, and you havent already been assessed for social anxiety disorder, it may be time to seek professional advice. SAD is a treatable condition, and fears of tasks such as making phone calls can be overcome through treatment such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Exploring Personality Development Business in India

ABSTRACT: There has been a growing trend to go for personality development in India in between students, businessmen, corporates, etc. This study research aims at exploring the unexplored market of personality development business in India. Apart from just exploring the market the research also tries to study the scope of personality development business in the near future. The research also tries to analyze the role; personality development plays in the overall success of a person. In addition to this, the intrusion of personality development in the formal education system is also under study. INTRODUCTION: Personality development is an industry that is consistently gaining importance. Corporate houses are investing heavily on HR†¦show more content†¦To find out that the in India believe the same thing, corporates in India are investing into personal development, the following hypothesis is taken H2: Personal development consistently learning is gaining importance. Since most of the current personality development institutes are thriving and giving all those stuff that formal education system lacks, and a large number of people are believing that formal education in India is insufficient we take the following hypothesis: H3:Formal education alone is insufficient for success in life. Conventionally the various areas of personality development are Vedic mathematics, public speaking, teamwork, leadership, English speaking, attitudinal seminars, conversation techniques, speed reading, acting, adventure sports, mind power [hypnotism, meditations etc], yoga. So that to know which areas would they give maximum weightage we make the following hypothesis. H4: Each area of the personality development program is equally weighted. METHODOLOGY: The data used in this report is collected from doing a survey. A questionnaire is used for conducting research. Questionnaires are used primarily as there has been very less study done on this subject in India specially related to our hypothesis. Since the research are having mostly yes no type questions, we cant use quantitative techniques like regression analysis, etc.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy for Nokia India1732 Words   |  7 Pagesof great variety with various designs and high quality. †¢ Variety: In every series of Nokia there are large numbers of sets thus large variety. .e.g. entry level include 1200, 1208, 1100, 1110, 1110i, 1112 etc. †¢ Quality: Nokia gains brand personality and market shares because of its quality. †¢ Design: Nokia sets are of various design such as Flip sets , Flat sets, Slide sets , Sets with rotating Camera etc †¢ Features: Each set of Nokia has its own features. 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Company Profile Tata Coffee Ltd is arguably the largest integrated coffee plantation company in the world .Tata Coffee has a hand in every aspect of the coffee making process, with business activities ranging from growing and curing of coffee and tea to the manufacture andRead MoreIntroduction of Sahara India Pariwar16656 Words   |  67 PagesOF SAHARA INDIA PARIWAR PROFILE OF THE COMPANY A Home called â€Å"India†, a Family called â€Å"Sahara India Pariwar† SAHARA INDIA PARIWAR HISTORY: Subroto Roy, is the head of the $10bn ( £5.5bn) Sahara Group. Sahara Group has interests in banking, media and housing. Subroto Roy began his journey in 1978, when he founded Sahara in 1978 with three workers in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh as a small deposits Para-banking business. Today, the group has diversified into a giant business conglomerate

Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy Options

Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy Options What You Don't Know About Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy All this since they continue to answer a number of the biggest questions known to humanity yet. The third and last satire is around the president of the whole galaxy, and how he holds zero power what so ever. No matter this absence of overall comprehension, or maybe precisely because of it, the series can supply a fascinating road map for what lies ahead in life for everybody. All the perfect answers in the universe is going to do no good if the appropriate questions aren't asked to start with. The initial 3 books are dramaticallybetter than the previous two. They are employing the Heart of Gold to attempt to locate a planet named Magrathea. The world is a book and people who don't travel read just one page. It is a book and those who do not travel only read one page. The third satirical element is all about the president of the entire universe, Zaphod Beeblebrox. Iago knows that in case the remainder of the characters knew what lurked in his heart, he'd be destroyed. Obviously, Arthur couldn't understand why these actions took place, which is also why they're deemed absurd. Sadly, it's not just Arthur who will be having a lousy day. Chinese is a simple language to learn how to speak. Short quotations can typically be run into the major text using quotation marks. Reading example essays works the exact same way! It is additionally the mark most commonly utilised to introduce a block quotation. Whatever the case, block quotes don't require quotation marks to set them off from the rest of the text, although they are direct quotes. Quotes with a direct specific reference to the product or subject of the articles or sections ought to be used rather than quotes that aren't direct references. Use examples from the novel to back up your conclusions. Choosing Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy Is Simple You must look through the rain to observe the rainbow. Traveling enables you to find that the world isn't always about you. Later you come to find out they did not even have to blow up the earth since they found an alternate method of traveling the universe. You see what a small place you occupy on earth. So as to make the most of this feature, you should have specified an IAM role to use while you launched your EC2 instance. Boto3 will appear in a lot of additional locations when looking for credentials which do not apply when browsing for non-credential configuration. It's known there are an endless number of worlds, simply because there's an infinite quantity of space for them to be in. The web site has made the products accessible in a number of classes. Details of Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy We recognise the scenario, relate to the individuals experience this, and then we laugh. It's the people that you meet in this job that truly get you down. Concerning the restaurant itself, it sports an establishment where folks watch the conclusion of everything'. The response is deliberately erroneous. This clearly tells the reader that Arthur is starting to realize he was just wasting his time and ought to just stop trying. Inside this post, I'm likely to experience some of the things which I thought about while reading the book this week. In any case, you're very likely to find something out of every one of them. Type of Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy A single Big Mac has 42 per cent of the suggested daily consumption of salt. It announces that there are going to be a new ten-million-year application that will learn the supreme Question. The consumers are certain to get a material of a prime quality, together with cheap price levels. Furthermore, in the event you bring an entirely new client to En.akadem-ghostwriter. How it is a premium within this circumstance is just a bonus. In the event the report is all about a product which is used by only a single class, attempt to use a quote with that class if at all possible. Let's look at another quote that's common, that's seeing the simple pricing information for several contracts (different expiry) within the exact same future. Subscribe using the form below to have every one of my posts delivered straight to your email. The Bizarre Secret of Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy There are two openings you wish to keep an eye out for so you may unload on the Skulls. Check out a few of our MUST READ travel books to receive your wanderlust juices flowing. Attempt to concentrate on just one or two skulls at one time, and if at all possible, have them separated. In addition, if you bring Quiet along, she is going to devote the first two or three minutes shooting all the puppets dead.

Leaders Are Made Free Essays

The question was asked in our class discussion this week, â€Å"Are leaders born or made? † This is one of the most often asked questions about leadership. People have varying opinions on this subject. My opinion is that leaders are made. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders Are Made or any similar topic only for you Order Now To lead people effectively is a very complex undertaking. No one is born with the necessary tools to be a good leader. I choose to believe that leaders are made, not born, because I want to believe that I can develop into a good leader even though I was not Ron with certain traits. Our lecture last night focused on some traits normally associated with good leaders: energy, stress management, self-confidence, tenaciousness, social intelligence, and integrity. Some of these traits can be used to describe me but there are a few in which I need further development. Leaders are successful for many different reasons, but most importantly is an ability to connect with people. Great connections are energetic. It is important for a leader to exude positive energy because the leader sets the tone for the entire organization. Employees have to feel committed to the vision for future success. They have to feel motivated, energize. I know that I have the ability to be energetic in the workplace as a potential leader. Vive been energy- deficient in my current position, probably because my supervisor has not connected with me nor does he exude any positive energy. I am grateful for this experience because it has taught me first-hand how damaging a leader with no energy can be to an employee’s morale. The ability to manage stress and self-confidence go hand-in-hand in my opinion. There may be days where the future of your company is worrisome and things aren’t going according to plan. It is important, as a leader, not to panic. Part of your Job is to put out fires and maintain team morale. As a leader, staying calm and confident will help keep the team feeling the same. The team will take its cues from the leader. I have never lacked self-confidence. Stress management, however, is a trait in which I need further development. A leader should be tenacious. There is a tendency sometimes for an employee to ant to â€Å"give up† when the going gets tough. Not a leader! The leader should know the special abilities each team member brings to the table. He has to be able to harness those abilities and bring them to the fore-front so that each team member can reach his full potential. Tenacious leaders grab hold of an idea and refuse to let it go until they reach their goal. It is important to model this behavior to set the proper example. Social intelligence is another necessary ingredient to good leadership. It is critical o be able to understand others so that you can know how to influence them. Being empathetic, tactful, diplomatic, and persuasive are important aspects of social intelligence. I want to be able to empower others by being a strong motivator and a good listener. These are traits that I possess but there is definitely room for improvement and refinement. There are people who are respected and worth listening to. This respect is earned by being a person of integrity. Employees seek to follow leaders who are honest and who honor their commitments. I will strive to be fair, honest, candid, and to treat everyone how I would want to be treated. If I am able to exemplify these behaviors I will earn the respect of my employees and colleagues. The encouraging thing is that I feel like I possess or could potentially possess all of these traits. Becoming a good leader is a learning process. I’m encouraged by the notion that leaders are made. This is a great training ground to learn the behaviors off good leader. I am committed to learning how to apply these concepts to my everyday thinking. How to cite Leaders Are Made, Papers

NAMA Chemical Co.

History, Development, and Growth NAMA Chemicals is a multinational petrochemical company that was incorporated in Jubail, Saudi Arabia in 1992. The company’s vision is to â€Å"meet customers’ needs consistently and to offer innovative solutions that enhance their satisfaction† (NAMA, 2013). In order to achieve this mission, the company focuses on utilizing advanced technology to produce high quality products.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NAMA Chemical Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More NAMA specializes in the production of chemicals such as epoxy, hydrochloric acid, anhydrous caustic soda, calcium chloride, and sodium. In early 1990s, NAMA focused on serving the Saudi Arabian market by using locally available raw materials to manufacture its products. During this period, the company’s main customers included Saudi-based textile, oil, food, and drug manufacturers who needed c hemicals to produce their products. From mid 1990s, the company focused on joining overseas markets through foreign direct investments. In this regard, the company joined Switzerland and Germany (NAMA, 2013). Additionally, it serves Africa, the USA, China, and India through exportation of its products. NAMA is also affiliated to other companies such as JANA, Arabian Alkali, and NAMA Industrial Investments, which it co-owns with other petrochemical companies in Saudi Arabia. These affiliates have enabled the firm to join international markets and to increase its revenue. Strengths First, the company has vast knowledge of the Saudi and global petrochemical market. This has enabled it to gain 6% of the world petrochemical market within its 30 years of operation (NAMA, 2013). Second, NAMA is capable of raising non-interest bearing capital from its shareholders, as well as, loans from banks. These sources of capital enable the company to expand by constructing new manufacturing plants, a s well as, to finance its research and development initiatives. Third, NAMA uses advanced technology in production, which enables it to manufacture high quality chemicals without causing adverse environmental damages. Fourth, the company has a diverse and talented workforce that consists of nationals from over 15 countries (NAMA, 2013). Thus, it is able to overcome the cultural conflicts that multinational corporations usually face in overseas markets. Finally, NAMA has a strong brand image that is associated with high quality in the global petrochemical industry. Weaknesses First, the company has a narrow product range. Concisely, it specializes in the production of chemicals rather than manufacturing a wide range of petrochemical products (NAMA, 2013). Reliance on chemicals always exposes the company to the risk of price and demand fluctuations, especially, when its customers (manufacturers) are recording poor financial performance.Advertising Looking for case study on busine ss economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, NAMA has a very poor financial record because it has been making losses since 2009 (NAMA, 2013). This will reduce its ability to raise capital for expansion and new product development. Third, serving overseas markets through exportation lowers the competitiveness of NAMA’s products. This is because they are subject to high import duties in countries such as China. Finally, NAMA’s top management consists of managers with high qualifications in areas such as chemical engineering rather than business or management disciplines. This leads to poor management, which partly explains the company’s inability to return to profitability. PESTEL Analysis Political Factors The main political factors that influence the performance of petrochemical firms include energy policies, as well as, liberalism and protectionism in global trade. Following the increase in public ou tcry concerning the pollution caused by fossil fuels, most western countries implemented policies that encourage the production of clean energy. The resulting decrease in oil and natural gas production reduced the competitiveness of western petrochemical manufacturers. Consequently, most western producers have been relocating to Asian and Middle East countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Singapore, which have high oil production and liberalized economies (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 1-25). This has led to high competition in Asian and Middle East economies, which have small domestic markets. Moreover, exportation from Asia is difficult due to the high tariffs charged in overseas markets such as the European Union and Africa. Thus, high competition in the Middle East and high export tariffs reduces the competitiveness of NAMA. Economic Factors Inflation (high feedstock prices) and GDP growth are the main economic factors that influence the performance of the industry. In 2012, Nort h America managed to reduce the price of its natural gas through increased exploration, thereby lowering the production costs of USA-based manufacturers (Margeson Masterson, 2012, pp. 20-40). Nonetheless, low gas prices are expected to reduce the profits of oil and gas companies in the medium term, thereby lowering gas production. Currently, Europe has the highest oil prices, thereby increasing the production costs of its petrochemical firms. Though China has limited supply of oil and gas, its petrochemical firms benefit from low labor costs. Asian and Middle East countries have access to low cost feedstock, but their domestic markets are small. These trends mean that NAMA has the opportunity to produce for the international market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NAMA Chemical Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, the Euro-Zone has a low demand due to its economic crisis. Similarly, the USA wi ll not have a high demand because its GDP is expected to grow by less than 2% in the next 5 years (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). However, GDP growth in the emerging market economies is expected to average 6.5% in the next 5 years. The resulting increase in demand in these markets will improve NAMA’s earnings. Social Factors Rapid population growth and urbanization in emerging markets is expected to increase demand for goods such as drugs, textile, processed food, fertilizers, and automobiles in the next five years (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-76). These products are manufactured using the chemicals produced in the petrochemical industry. Thus, an increase in their demand will raise the demand for NAMA’s products. Technology In the last five years, Europe and the USA have significantly reduced their investments in research and development. In 2012, investments in research and development in Europe and the USA increased by 2.8% and 2.1% respectively. However, investments in research and development increased by 8.9% in the Asia-Pacific region (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). Additionally, the relocation of western petrochemical firms to Asia and the Middle East has resulted into technological transfers, which improve eastern firms’ competitiveness. Technological transfers from the west and increased investment in research and development in the Middle East enables NAMA to access advanced technologies, which will improve its competitiveness. Environment Petrochemical companies pollute the environment through greenhouse gas emissions because of their dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, the chemicals they produce have adverse environmental effects. Thus, the industry is characterized with high regulation, which involves scientific verification of the environmental impacts of each product (Margeson Masterson, 2012, pp. 20-40). Moreover, petrochemical firms pay high emission taxes, especially, in Europe and the USA. These taxes lower the profit s of companies such as NAMA. Legal Factor Consumer protection laws have a great influence in the petrochemical industry. In most countries, petrochemical products that are used as ingredients for processed food are subject to intense regulation. This involves setting high product quality standards, which are expensive to meet, thereby increasing production costs.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants The threat of new entrants in the industry is low due to the following reasons. First, joining the industry requires a significant amount of financial capital and advanced technologies, which potential investors do not have. Second, the incumbents have achieved economies of scale through multi-plant production systems (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 2-30). This gives them a competitive advantage over new entrants. Finally, the incumbents have an advantage in accessing raw materials (oil and gas) due to their large capacities. Concisely, oil producers prefer to supply large petrochemical firms who offer high prices and purchase large quantities. The low threat of new entrants is an opportunity for NAMA to increase its production in order to satisfy existing and emerging market needs. Power of Buyers There are very many buyers (petrochemical firms) in the industry who compete for the limited supply of oil and gas. Additionally, t he threat of backward integration is low because most petrochemical companies lack the capacity to drill their own oil and gas. Nonetheless, petrochemical firms have low switching costs since they can easily shift from one supplier to another. Moreover, suppliers’ products (oil and natural gas) have very low differentiation. In this regard, petrochemical firms including NAMA have a moderate bargaining power in the industry. This gives them a chance to negotiate for low prices for feedstock (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 214). Power of Suppliers The suppliers (oil and gas companies) have a fairly high bargaining power due to the following reasons. First, there are no substitutes for their products in the industry. Second, the demand for oil and gas is very high in other industries such as transportation and manufacturing. Thus, oil companies can only sell to petrochemical firms if the later offers high prices. Third, the threat of forward integration is high because most oil and gas companies have the capacity to establish their own petrochemical subsidiaries (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 1-25). Nonetheless, petrochemical firms have low switching costs and suppliers’ products lack differentiation. The high power of suppliers means that they can charge high prices for their products, thereby increasing NEMA’s production costs. Threat of Substitutes Chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and epoxy do not have direct substitutes because they are used for a variety of applications in different industrial processes. Additionally, available substitutes tend have low quality. For example, most experts agree that epoxy resin is superior to its substitutes such as polyester resin (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). In this regard, the threat of substitutes is low. This is an opportunity for NAMA to continue manufacturing high quality products in order to earn high profits. Competitive Rivalry The threat of competitive rivalry is very high because of the following f actors. First, the industry has a large number of firms that are competing for the global market. Second, the industry’s growth rate is low, thereby forcing firms to employ intensive marketing strategies to increase their earnings and market shares. Third, most companies have focused on product differentiation, thereby increasing competition on the basis of quality and benefits. Finally, storage costs of raw materials such as oil and finished products are very high. The high competition is a threat to NAMA’s growth because prices for its products are likely to decline, thereby reducing its profits. Additionally, it is likely to lose its market share to firms that are more efficient (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 95). Industry Life-cycle Analysis The global petrochemical industry is characterized with following trends. To begin with, differentiation and cost leadership strategies have become the norm in the industry. In Europe and North America, most producers are pursuing co st leadership strategies in order to maintain their profitability. In particular, they focus on implementing cost reduction strategies such as lean manufacturing in order to eliminate wastes. Additionally, most western petrochemical firms have contracted manufacturers in countries with cheap labor such as China to produce their products (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 1-25). The resulting reduction in production costs enables western petrochemical firms to improve their profitability. In Asia and the Middle East, companies are pursuing both differentiation and cost leadership strategies. Unlike the west, Asian and Middle East markets still have segments that are not fully served, thereby necessitating product differentiation. The industry recorded a low growth in the last ten years. For example, in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, the industry grew by 5.7% and 3.2% respectively (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). In the EU and NAFTA trading blocs, the industry grew by 1.3% and 1.4% respective ly. The low growth has led to high competition in nearly all regions. Additionally, several segments have emerged as firms focus on serving emerging market needs. Finally, the main objective of firms in the industry is to defend their market shares (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). In this regard, they are focusing on marketing their products through promotional activities such as relationship selling, advertising and offering discounts on bulk purchases. Furthermore, the incumbent firms are concentrating on extending the life cycles of their products. This involves conducting research and development in order to improve existing products. The trends discussed in the foregoing paragraphs mean that the industry is at its maturity stage. In this regard, demand for NAMA’s products is likely to reduce as the industry approaches its decline stage. Additionally, the company can run out of business if it will not be able to withstand the high competition in the industry. SWOT Analysis The external environment analysis revels that NAMA faces several threats in the industry. These include high power of the suppliers, expected decline in demand due to the maturity of the industry, intense regulation, and high competition. Nonetheless, the industry has opportunities such as the expected increase in demand in emerging market economies, access to low cost feedstock in the Middle East, low threat of new entrants, and low threat of substitutes. Despite the threats in the industry, NAMA can still pursue its corporate strategy profitably. In particular, its talented workforce will enable it to develop high quality products that satisfy customer needs and meet global quality standards. Similarly, the workforce has the capacity to achieve process innovation, thereby enabling the company to avoid breaching environmental laws and the costs associated with it. Moreover, NAMA’s access to advanced technology will enable it to reduce its production costs and to expand its p roduct line. In this regard, the company will be able to serve new market segments. NAMA has a strong brand image that is known for quality. This strength will enable it to overcome intense competition in the industry. This is because customers usually prefer to buy products from companies whose products are associated with high quality. Since NAMA sells mostly to manufacturers, the demand for its products is likely to remain stable if it keeps its promise of supplying high quality products to the customers. Even though NAMA has been making losses in the last four years, it is still financially stable. The company’s current ratio (CR) decreased from 1.71 in 2011 to 1.26 in 2012. Despite this decline, the company is still liquid. This is because its CR of 1.26 means that it can pay all its current debts in the short term without difficulties. NAMA’s debt-to-equity ratio declined from 0.42 in 2011 to 0.47 in 2012. The company’s low debt-to-equity ratio means that it does not depend on debts to finance its expansion activities. The advantage of the low debt-to-equity ratio is that it will enable the firm to access capital from its shareholders and from local banks (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 275). In particular, any capital injected in the company for expansion purposes is likely to improve its revenues. The resulting increase in profits will enable the firm to pay the interest charged on its loans. The company can utilize the borrowed capital to finance activities such as marketing and product development in order to overcome competition. Nonetheless, the company might be denied credit due to its inability to return to profitability in the last four years. Despite the financial challenges facing the company, its competitive position is still strong. Thus, it is likely to overcome the threats in the industry if it leverages its strengths. NAMA’s Corporate-level strategy NAMA’s mission is to â€Å"supply customers with the highest- quality products and services, while maximizing value for all stakeholders through strategic growth† (NAMA, 2013). The company has set four strategic goals in order to achieve its mission. These include becoming the fifth largest epoxy producer in the world, exceeding international quality standards, and maintaining acceptable corporate ethics, as well as, using advanced and clean technologies to avoid environmental pollution. These goals support NAMA’s corporate strategy, which focuses on the production of various chemicals for the manufacturing sector in Saudi Arabia and overseas markets. The merit of this strategy is that focusing on one product line (chemicals) enhances specialization. Firms that specialize in producing a few products are often able to maintain high quality standards and to satisfy the needs of their clients. Nonetheless, specializing in chemicals is not appropriate due to the current industry trends. In particular, fluctuations in demand for chemic als will continue to impact negatively on the company’s sales and profits. Additionally, focusing on one segment (manufactures) denies the company the opportunity to serve other segments such as individual users of chemicals. Initially, NAMA focused on joining international markets through foreign direct investments (NAMA, 2013). However, the company has since resorted to joint venture deals in order to join overseas markets. The rationale of this strategy is that it enables NAMA to share risks with its partners in overseas markets. Joint venture deals also enable the company to utilize its partners’ resources such as distribution channels, financial capital, and market knowledge. In addition, the deals improve NAMA’s ability to penetrate overseas markets by serving the clients of its partners. These benefits improve the competitiveness of NAMA in overseas markets. The disadvantage of this strategy is that NAMA’s strategic goals might conflict with those of its partners, thereby lowering its competitiveness. NAMA’s Business-Level Strategy NAMA has two main divisions namely production of chemicals and provision of services. In the chemical production division, the company follows a differentiation strategy by manufacturing a variety of chemicals that are meant for specific industrial applications. The rationale of pursuing a differentiation strategy is that NAMA produces chemicals that are used by particular clients rather than the mass market. The competencies that enable NAMA to pursue the differentiation strategy include the following. First, the company has access to cutting-edge technology through its research and development department (NAMA, 2013). Research enables NAMA to develop new products and to modify existing ones in order to satisfy the needs of each client. Second, NAMA has talented employees who are able to utilize their creativity to find solutions to customers’ needs. Finally, NAMA has a good corporat e reputation or brand image that is associated with high quality. This enables it to charge premium prices in order to recover the high costs of producing high quality products. The services division focuses on manufacturing chemicals on behalf of overseas petrochemical companies. These services are usually provided by NAMA’s affiliates. The company pursues a cost leadership strategy in its services division. This is because the main factor that motivates overseas companies to hire Saudi-based firms to manufacture on their behalf is cost reduction. Thus, NAMA employs its resources efficiently to manufacture chemicals on behalf of its clients at a low cost (NAMA, 2013). The competencies that enable it to pursue this strategy include the following. To begin with, NAMA has access to financial capital that enables it to establish low-cost production plants and to increase the capacity of its existing facilities. For example, it used 436 million Saudi Riyal to expand its epoxy pla nt in 2010 in response to increasing demand. Additionally, NAMA has an efficient supply chain system that enables it to reduce the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods. Structure and Control System NAMA uses a product organizational structure to manage its employees and operations. In particular, the company has been organized into divisions that specialize in the production of specific products. For example, Arabian Alkali, which is one of NAMA’s subsidiaries, specializes in the production of anhydrous caustic soda (NAMA, 2013). This organizational structure enables NAMA to allocate adequate resources to each product line. Additionally, it enables the firm to improve efficiency in decision-making processes, thereby enabling it to respond to market needs in time. The managers who are in charge of each division report to the top management that oversees the operations of the group (NAMA, 2013). The management has put in place a performance-based remuneration s ystem in order to motivate managers and their employees to achieve the firm’s strategic objectives. This involves paying high salaries to employees in order to encourage them to improve their productivity. Moreover, the firm uses intrinsic rewards to improve the commitment of its employees. This involves rewarding employees who are able to achieve non-financial goals such as cooperating with other divisions, engaging in ethical behavior, and working effectively within teams. Recommendations First, NAMA should expand its product line in order to improve its profitability. In particular, it should diversify its product portfolio by introducing consumer goods such as soaps, packaging materials (polythene), synthetic fiber, and brushes. Introducing these products is possible because they are also made from feedstock. The rationale of introducing consumer goods is that their demand is more stable than that of chemicals. For example, people will continue to buy soaps even during re cessions albeit in small quantities. On the other hand, manufacturers who buy NAMA’s chemicals can close during recessions, thereby forcing NAMA to run out of business. Second, NAMA should hire managers with qualifications in finance and management rather than technical skills in engineering. Hiring managers with the right qualifications will enable the firm to understand market dynamics and to develop the right solutions (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 146). The process of changing the management team can be done over a one-year period through effective succession planning. Finally, the company should focus on entering overseas markets through joint ventures rather than exporting. This will enable it to improve the competitiveness of its products by avoiding high import duties in overseas markets (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 187). This recommendation can be implemented in the next three years because the company will require adequate time to find the right partners in various overseas markets. References Kalkman, J., Keller, A. (2011). Global petrochemicals: Who is benefiting from the growth in the new world? London: Competence Center Global Chemicals. Margeson, J., Masterson, B. (2012). Global Chemistry Industry. Ottawa: Canadian Chemistry Association. NAMA. 2013. About us. Retrieved from http://www.nama.com.sa/. Todeva, E., Fu, Y. (2012). Multinational investment projects in the petrochemical industry in China. Journal of Knowledge Based Innovation in China, 2(1), 46-72. Witcher, B., Chau, V. (2010). Strategic management: Principles and practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. This case study on NAMA Chemical Co. was written and submitted by user Madeline Albert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.