Second Great Awakening Essays

Second Great Awakening Essays Second Great Awakening Essay Second Great Awakening Essay hello chi associates the Second Great Awakening to the American Civil War. The last principle change ins matched continuously Great Awakening was the Womens Rights development. Womens paretic pupation in the recoveries and the recently talked about changes, in the long run prompted a change Of the Eire own. During the Second Great Awakening ladies support dwarfed mens two t o one. Finned and different evangelist talked about strengthening and how one was in charge of t beneficiary own body and predetermination. Ladies thus were urged to take an interest in the public arena. HTH is additionally the consequence of the social activism the Second Great Awakening caused. Both the Am Rican Temperance Society, 33% to one half ladies, and the American Initials ere Society used considerable ladies interest. Ladies, for example, Angelina and Sarah Grime addressed people the same all over New England about the nullification cause in 1 837 , and when they were scrutinized for their sexual orientation, they reacted by making two fundamental word KS of women's liberation. These works were to clarify the sisters want for equivalent rights and are called Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes and Letters to Catherine E. Beechen. Ladies became to turn out to be progressively discontent absence of rights in spite of their cooperation in their locale, energized constantly Great Awakening, This development t brought about the Seneca Falls Convention, the main show held concerning womens rights, in New York and set the mission for lady testimonial that went on until 1 920 when the objective WA s achieved. Ladies owe a lot of their prosperity to the Second Great Awakening. On a political subject, the Second Great Awakening encouraged Americas soups specialty Of Democracy. Since Finned drearily and absolutely settled that humankind y is in charge of he world and not a celestial force.

Bgp Problems Solutions Essay Example

Bgp Problems Solutions Paper Also, the structure and pervasiveness of BGP has disappointed past endeavors at making sure about intermediation steering. This paper considers the vulnerabilities as of now existing inside intermediation steering and reviews works identifying with BGP security. The impediments and focal points of proposed arrangements are investigated, and the fundamental and operational ramifications of their structures considered. We note that no present arrangement has yet discovered a sufficient harmony between complete security and organization cost. This work calls not just for the utilization of thoughts depicted inside this paper, yet additionally tort further examination concerning the issues and answers for BGP security. Record Terms confirmation, approval, BGP, outskirt door convention, trustworthiness, intermediation steering, arrange security, systems, directing l. I INTRODUCTION The Internet is a worldwide, decentralized system contained numerous littler interconnected systems Networks are to a great extent included end frameworks, alluded to as hosts, and halfway frameworks, called switches. Data goes through a system on one of numerous ways, which are chosen through a steering procedure. Steering conventions impart decency data (how to find Other hosts and switches) and at last perform way determination. A system under the regulatory control of a solitary association is called a self-sufficient framework (AS) The way toward directing Within an AS is called antinomian steering, and steering benzene Asses is called intermediation steering. We will compose a custom article test on Bgp Problems Solutions explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Bgp Problems Solutions explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Bgp Problems Solutions explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The predominant ban directing convention on the Internet is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) [21. BGP has been conveyed since the centralization of the Internet, and rendition 4 of the convention has been in wide use for longer than 10 years. BGP by and large functions admirably by and by, and its straightforwardness and versatility have empowered it to assume a principal job inside the worldwide Internet [3], notwithstanding meandering no exhibition or security ensures. Shockingly, the constrained certifications gave by BGP now and again add to genuine unsteadiness and blackouts. While many steering disappointments have constrained effect and extension, others may prompt critical and far reaching harm. One such custom-made happened on 25 April 1 997, when a confounded switch kept up by a little specialist organization in Florida infused mistaken steering data into the worldwide Internet and professed to have ideal network to all Internet goals. Since such explanations were not approved at all, they were broadly acknowledged. As an August 7, 2008 DRAFT result, most Internet traffic was directed to this little ISP. The traffic overpowered the confounded and moderate switches, and viably injured the Internet for right around two hours Several comparable occurrences have occurred as of late [51, including a significant blackout brought about by Coned (61 and a blackout for the mainstream Youth webpage (http://www. Youth. Com/) brought about by Pakistan Telecoms 171. Furthermore, spammed (I. E. Individuals sending spam email) here and there bring bogus data into ESP. to empower them to trade email with mail waterways utilizing unallocated IP delivers that are difficult to follow Introducing bogus data into BGP is additionally a compelling path for an assailant to sneak around on traffic on the way to an authentic goal, imitate a Wee site (e. G. , to perform data fraud), or square access to specific destinations [9]. These assaul ts and misinterpretations can Gauge anything from an irrelevant irritation to an overwhelming interchanges disappointment. For instance, basic applications, for example, web based banking, stock exchanging, and supernatural run over the Internet. Critical damage may emerge if correspondence is lost at a pivotal time. As the quantity of radical applications on the Internet develops, so will the dependence on the hidden system foundation to offer solid and secure types of assistance. Therefore, there is extraordinary enthusiasm for expanding the security of BGP, as it is basically the paste that holds the different pieces of the Internet together. For instance, the United States government refers to BGP security as a component of the national methodology to make sure about the internet [10]. Likewise, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has working gatherings concentrating on Routing Protocol Security Requirements [I I] and Secure Intermediation Routing [121 to explore these security issues and fine viable arrangements. BGP security is likewise an unmistakable theme at arrange administrator gatherings and mailing records, for example, the North American Network Operators Group (MANGO) [13]. Ebb and flow look into on BGP centers around uncovering and settling both operational and security concerns. Operational concerns identifying with BGP, for example, versatility, assembly delay (I. E. , the time required for all switches to have a predictable perspective on the system), steering solidness, and execution, have been the subject of much exertion. Additionally, a significant part of the contemporary security look into has concentrated on the trustworthiness, privacy, confirmation, approval, and approval of BGP messages. These two fields of operational issues and security inquire about are intrinsically associated. Triumphs and custom fitted in every area are intuitive to the two networks. This paper investigates operational practice, gauges movement, and progressing research in intermediation steering security, uncovering the similitudes and contrasts in the proposed ways to deal with building a progressively secure Internet framework. The following segment gives a short outline of intermediation directing and BGP. Ensuing segments look at todays security practices and longer-term answers for secure immoderation directing. II. B ORDER G TIDEWAY P ROTATOR The Internet comprises of a huge number of Autonomous Systems (Asses) that utilization the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to trade data about how to arrive at squares of goal IP addresses (called IP prefixes). BGP is a steady convention ?a BGP-talking switch sends a declaration message even another course is accessible, and a withdrawal message When a course does not exist anymore. BGP is additionally a way vector convention, where each AS adds its AS number to the start of the AS way before publicizing the course to the following AS. Every switch chooses a solitary best BGP course for every goal prefix and may apply complex arrangements for choosing a course and choosing August 7, 2008 DRAFT ICANN 12. 0-0. 0/8 202. C. o. On AT 120. 0-0/8 202. 12. 128. 0/18 211. 120. 0. 0/12 SAABS 202. 12. 128. 0/18 ASSESS TALLEST JOPLIN 211. 120. 132. 0/22 SONY 211. 120. 132. 0/22 ASSESS PANIC 210. 0. 0. 07 A case of address assignment from the root (IANA) to provincial and national libraries. Regardless of whether to publicize the course to a neighboring switch in another AS, In this area, we present a review of intermediation steering in the Internet and recorder how the vast majority of Bags security issues come from (I) vulnerability about the connection between IP prefixes and the AS quantities of the Asses vivo oversee them, (ii) the utilization of the Transmission Contr ol Protocol (TCP) as the hidden vehicle convention, and (iii) the possibility to alter course declarations so as to undermine BGP directing strategy. A. IP Prefixes and AS Numbers An IP address is a 32-piece number, commonly spoke to in spotted decimal documentation With a different whole number for every one Of the four octets. Addresses are allocated to organizations in squares of coterminous locations, spoke to by he first location and a veil length. For instance, the prefix 1920. 20/24 contains all tends to where the initial three octets are 192, O, and 2-?the 256 tends to 192. 0-2. 0 to 1920. 2255. Distributing addresses in squares prompts littler steering tables and less course notices, as most switches need just expertise to coordinate traffic toward the square of addresses, instead of putting away separate directing data for each IP address, Since prefixes have variable length, one IP prefix might be totally contained inside another. For instance, a switch may have steering data for two prefixes 211. 120. 0/12 and where the primary prefix totally covers the subsequent one. To conclude how to advance an information bundle, an IP switch distinguishes the longest prefix that coordinates the goal IP address. For instance, a bundle with goal IP address would coordinate 211 , 1 20, 1320/22, since this prefix is more explicit than 211. 12000/12. At first, foundations got address assignments straightforwardly from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and later from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). All the more as of late, ICANN assigned this obligation to address libraries liable for efferent pieces of the world. For instance, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) deals with the IP address assignments for North America, though the R ; Essex IP Europe ens (RIPE) doles out a great part of the location space for Europe, the Middle East, and North E Africa; the Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (PANIC) allots IP addresses in Asia and the Pacific Rim, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry (LACTIC) appropriates address space through the Latin August 7, 2008 DRAFT 12. 34-0. 0/16: AS 3 AS 4 AS 3 12,34. 0. /16: AS 4 AS 2 AS 7 AS 5 AS 2 AS 5 AS 7 12. 4. 0. 0/16: AS 6 12. 34. 0. 0/16: AS 1 ASS 12,34. 0. 0/16: AS 1 AS 6 (a) Regular ad from AS 6, (b) Malicious ad from AS l. Pig. 2. Declaration of prefix starting from the legitimate AS 6 and from a malevolent AS 1. AS 2 and 3 will incline toward the pernicious ad from AS I in light of the fact that the way length will be sh

How to Make Cold Calls When You Are Anxious

How to Make Cold Calls When You Are Anxious Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print How to Make Cold Calls When You Are Anxious By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on July 16, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Getty / Cultura RM / Daniel Allen How do you make cold calls when you are socially anxious? Cold calling anxiety is the fear experienced by salespeople before and during calls to clients with whom they have never spoken. Research shows that 40 percent of salespeople will experience intense anxiety about making cold calls at some point in their careers. How to Make Cold Calls For those with social anxiety disorder (SAD), many aspects of being a salesperson can have the potential to trigger anxietyâ€"and cold calling may be one of the most difficult. The combination of negative self-evaluations with potential negative reactions from clients can cause anxiety. Below are some tips to help you cope with this aspect of sales. Have an Outline Although you may be tempted to read directly from a script, it is better to have a general outline to which you can refer. Reading from a script detaches you from the content of what you are saying and allows your mind to wander. The person on the other end can also usually tell if you are reading from a script, and you may come across as less genuine. Do Your Research   Before you pick up the phone, make sure that you know the name of the person and company that you are calling, and how to pronounce both. Study the needs of the potential customer and how you can meet them. Be clear in your own mind what your goal is before you call. This will allow you to guide the conversation more easily. Be Positive If you are anxious about phone calls in general, try acting as though you arent afraid. Sit straight as you talk, put a smile on your face, and speak as confidently as you can. As long as you have put in the time to properly prepare, there isnt any reason why you cant fake it til you make it. Eventually, your confidence will grow with experience. How Self-Esteem Affects Social Anxiety Disorder Practice Practice what you are going to say, record yourself speaking, listen to the recording, and then make changes based on what you hear. If you dont think you are objective enough, ask someone whom you trust to give you feedback. Doing this exercise will help you to identify aspects of your communication style that may need tweaking, such as how fast you speak or the volume of your voice. 9 Tips to Use Your Best Voice When You Have Social Anxiety Take Notes As much as possible, take notes during your conversation. This will help you to avoid slipping into negative thought patterns and to  focus on what the other person is saying. It will also give you a written record of what was said that you can refer to in future conversations. Research on Cold Calls In a study conducted by the Keller Center at Baylor University, 50 real estate agents from across the United States made 6,264 cold calls. Of those calls, 72 percent were not answered or were wrong numbers. Of the 28 percent of the calls that were answered, on average only 1 out of 59 people agreed to set up an appointment with an agent. Finally, the best time to make phone calls was between 10 am and 2 pm.What do these findings mean for you?Two out of three calls are likely to go unanswered, so think of those dead calls  as chances to catch your breath in between talking to potential clients or customers.If you get a lot of nos in a row, remember that this  is normal and to be expected. You will need to make a large volume of calls to find an interested customerâ€"that is the nature of cold calling and not a reflection on your sales ability. For some inspiration, watch the movie The Pursuit of Happyness with Will Smith and see how much effort he puts into his cold calling.If you hav e a choice of timing, call sometime between mid-morning and mid-afternoon. While it isnt clear why this is the best time to make phone calls, its likely that you are not catching people during their morning catch-up or afternoon crunch. Alternatives to Cold Calls If cold calls just dont seem to be working for you, see if there is a better approach that you can suggest to your supervisor. Many organizations are moving away from cold calls because they are less effective than following up with existing customers and interested leads. 10 Best Jobs for People With Social Anxiety Disorder A Word From Verywell Finally, if your social anxiety is severe to the point that it is hampering your performance at work, and you havent already been assessed for social anxiety disorder, it may be time to seek professional advice. SAD is a treatable condition, and fears of tasks such as making phone calls can be overcome through treatment such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Exploring Personality Development Business in India

ABSTRACT: There has been a growing trend to go for personality development in India in between students, businessmen, corporates, etc. This study research aims at exploring the unexplored market of personality development business in India. Apart from just exploring the market the research also tries to study the scope of personality development business in the near future. The research also tries to analyze the role; personality development plays in the overall success of a person. In addition to this, the intrusion of personality development in the formal education system is also under study. INTRODUCTION: Personality development is an industry that is consistently gaining importance. Corporate houses are investing heavily on HR†¦show more content†¦To find out that the in India believe the same thing, corporates in India are investing into personal development, the following hypothesis is taken H2: Personal development consistently learning is gaining importance. Since most of the current personality development institutes are thriving and giving all those stuff that formal education system lacks, and a large number of people are believing that formal education in India is insufficient we take the following hypothesis: H3:Formal education alone is insufficient for success in life. Conventionally the various areas of personality development are Vedic mathematics, public speaking, teamwork, leadership, English speaking, attitudinal seminars, conversation techniques, speed reading, acting, adventure sports, mind power [hypnotism, meditations etc], yoga. So that to know which areas would they give maximum weightage we make the following hypothesis. H4: Each area of the personality development program is equally weighted. METHODOLOGY: The data used in this report is collected from doing a survey. A questionnaire is used for conducting research. Questionnaires are used primarily as there has been very less study done on this subject in India specially related to our hypothesis. Since the research are having mostly yes no type questions, we cant use quantitative techniques like regression analysis, etc.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy for Nokia India1732 Words   |  7 Pagesof great variety with various designs and high quality. †¢ Variety: In every series of Nokia there are large numbers of sets thus large variety. .e.g. entry level include 1200, 1208, 1100, 1110, 1110i, 1112 etc. †¢ Quality: Nokia gains brand personality and market shares because of its quality. †¢ Design: Nokia sets are of various design such as Flip sets , Flat sets, Slide sets , Sets with rotating Camera etc †¢ Features: Each set of Nokia has its own features. 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Company Profile Tata Coffee Ltd is arguably the largest integrated coffee plantation company in the world .Tata Coffee has a hand in every aspect of the coffee making process, with business activities ranging from growing and curing of coffee and tea to the manufacture andRead MoreIntroduction of Sahara India Pariwar16656 Words   |  67 PagesOF SAHARA INDIA PARIWAR PROFILE OF THE COMPANY A Home called â€Å"India†, a Family called â€Å"Sahara India Pariwar† SAHARA INDIA PARIWAR HISTORY: Subroto Roy, is the head of the $10bn ( £5.5bn) Sahara Group. Sahara Group has interests in banking, media and housing. Subroto Roy began his journey in 1978, when he founded Sahara in 1978 with three workers in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh as a small deposits Para-banking business. Today, the group has diversified into a giant business conglomerate

Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy Options

Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy Options What You Don't Know About Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy All this since they continue to answer a number of the biggest questions known to humanity yet. The third and last satire is around the president of the whole galaxy, and how he holds zero power what so ever. No matter this absence of overall comprehension, or maybe precisely because of it, the series can supply a fascinating road map for what lies ahead in life for everybody. All the perfect answers in the universe is going to do no good if the appropriate questions aren't asked to start with. The initial 3 books are dramaticallybetter than the previous two. They are employing the Heart of Gold to attempt to locate a planet named Magrathea. The world is a book and people who don't travel read just one page. It is a book and those who do not travel only read one page. The third satirical element is all about the president of the entire universe, Zaphod Beeblebrox. Iago knows that in case the remainder of the characters knew what lurked in his heart, he'd be destroyed. Obviously, Arthur couldn't understand why these actions took place, which is also why they're deemed absurd. Sadly, it's not just Arthur who will be having a lousy day. Chinese is a simple language to learn how to speak. Short quotations can typically be run into the major text using quotation marks. Reading example essays works the exact same way! It is additionally the mark most commonly utilised to introduce a block quotation. Whatever the case, block quotes don't require quotation marks to set them off from the rest of the text, although they are direct quotes. Quotes with a direct specific reference to the product or subject of the articles or sections ought to be used rather than quotes that aren't direct references. Use examples from the novel to back up your conclusions. Choosing Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy Is Simple You must look through the rain to observe the rainbow. Traveling enables you to find that the world isn't always about you. Later you come to find out they did not even have to blow up the earth since they found an alternate method of traveling the universe. You see what a small place you occupy on earth. So as to make the most of this feature, you should have specified an IAM role to use while you launched your EC2 instance. Boto3 will appear in a lot of additional locations when looking for credentials which do not apply when browsing for non-credential configuration. It's known there are an endless number of worlds, simply because there's an infinite quantity of space for them to be in. The web site has made the products accessible in a number of classes. Details of Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy We recognise the scenario, relate to the individuals experience this, and then we laugh. It's the people that you meet in this job that truly get you down. Concerning the restaurant itself, it sports an establishment where folks watch the conclusion of everything'. The response is deliberately erroneous. This clearly tells the reader that Arthur is starting to realize he was just wasting his time and ought to just stop trying. Inside this post, I'm likely to experience some of the things which I thought about while reading the book this week. In any case, you're very likely to find something out of every one of them. Type of Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy A single Big Mac has 42 per cent of the suggested daily consumption of salt. It announces that there are going to be a new ten-million-year application that will learn the supreme Question. The consumers are certain to get a material of a prime quality, together with cheap price levels. Furthermore, in the event you bring an entirely new client to En.akadem-ghostwriter. How it is a premium within this circumstance is just a bonus. In the event the report is all about a product which is used by only a single class, attempt to use a quote with that class if at all possible. Let's look at another quote that's common, that's seeing the simple pricing information for several contracts (different expiry) within the exact same future. Subscribe using the form below to have every one of my posts delivered straight to your email. The Bizarre Secret of Writing Essay Samples on Hitchhickers Guide to the Galaxy There are two openings you wish to keep an eye out for so you may unload on the Skulls. Check out a few of our MUST READ travel books to receive your wanderlust juices flowing. Attempt to concentrate on just one or two skulls at one time, and if at all possible, have them separated. In addition, if you bring Quiet along, she is going to devote the first two or three minutes shooting all the puppets dead.

Leaders Are Made Free Essays

The question was asked in our class discussion this week, â€Å"Are leaders born or made? † This is one of the most often asked questions about leadership. People have varying opinions on this subject. My opinion is that leaders are made. We will write a custom essay sample on Leaders Are Made or any similar topic only for you Order Now To lead people effectively is a very complex undertaking. No one is born with the necessary tools to be a good leader. I choose to believe that leaders are made, not born, because I want to believe that I can develop into a good leader even though I was not Ron with certain traits. Our lecture last night focused on some traits normally associated with good leaders: energy, stress management, self-confidence, tenaciousness, social intelligence, and integrity. Some of these traits can be used to describe me but there are a few in which I need further development. Leaders are successful for many different reasons, but most importantly is an ability to connect with people. Great connections are energetic. It is important for a leader to exude positive energy because the leader sets the tone for the entire organization. Employees have to feel committed to the vision for future success. They have to feel motivated, energize. I know that I have the ability to be energetic in the workplace as a potential leader. Vive been energy- deficient in my current position, probably because my supervisor has not connected with me nor does he exude any positive energy. I am grateful for this experience because it has taught me first-hand how damaging a leader with no energy can be to an employee’s morale. The ability to manage stress and self-confidence go hand-in-hand in my opinion. There may be days where the future of your company is worrisome and things aren’t going according to plan. It is important, as a leader, not to panic. Part of your Job is to put out fires and maintain team morale. As a leader, staying calm and confident will help keep the team feeling the same. The team will take its cues from the leader. I have never lacked self-confidence. Stress management, however, is a trait in which I need further development. A leader should be tenacious. There is a tendency sometimes for an employee to ant to â€Å"give up† when the going gets tough. Not a leader! The leader should know the special abilities each team member brings to the table. He has to be able to harness those abilities and bring them to the fore-front so that each team member can reach his full potential. Tenacious leaders grab hold of an idea and refuse to let it go until they reach their goal. It is important to model this behavior to set the proper example. Social intelligence is another necessary ingredient to good leadership. It is critical o be able to understand others so that you can know how to influence them. Being empathetic, tactful, diplomatic, and persuasive are important aspects of social intelligence. I want to be able to empower others by being a strong motivator and a good listener. These are traits that I possess but there is definitely room for improvement and refinement. There are people who are respected and worth listening to. This respect is earned by being a person of integrity. Employees seek to follow leaders who are honest and who honor their commitments. I will strive to be fair, honest, candid, and to treat everyone how I would want to be treated. If I am able to exemplify these behaviors I will earn the respect of my employees and colleagues. The encouraging thing is that I feel like I possess or could potentially possess all of these traits. Becoming a good leader is a learning process. I’m encouraged by the notion that leaders are made. This is a great training ground to learn the behaviors off good leader. I am committed to learning how to apply these concepts to my everyday thinking. How to cite Leaders Are Made, Papers

NAMA Chemical Co.

History, Development, and Growth NAMA Chemicals is a multinational petrochemical company that was incorporated in Jubail, Saudi Arabia in 1992. The company’s vision is to â€Å"meet customers’ needs consistently and to offer innovative solutions that enhance their satisfaction† (NAMA, 2013). In order to achieve this mission, the company focuses on utilizing advanced technology to produce high quality products.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NAMA Chemical Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More NAMA specializes in the production of chemicals such as epoxy, hydrochloric acid, anhydrous caustic soda, calcium chloride, and sodium. In early 1990s, NAMA focused on serving the Saudi Arabian market by using locally available raw materials to manufacture its products. During this period, the company’s main customers included Saudi-based textile, oil, food, and drug manufacturers who needed c hemicals to produce their products. From mid 1990s, the company focused on joining overseas markets through foreign direct investments. In this regard, the company joined Switzerland and Germany (NAMA, 2013). Additionally, it serves Africa, the USA, China, and India through exportation of its products. NAMA is also affiliated to other companies such as JANA, Arabian Alkali, and NAMA Industrial Investments, which it co-owns with other petrochemical companies in Saudi Arabia. These affiliates have enabled the firm to join international markets and to increase its revenue. Strengths First, the company has vast knowledge of the Saudi and global petrochemical market. This has enabled it to gain 6% of the world petrochemical market within its 30 years of operation (NAMA, 2013). Second, NAMA is capable of raising non-interest bearing capital from its shareholders, as well as, loans from banks. These sources of capital enable the company to expand by constructing new manufacturing plants, a s well as, to finance its research and development initiatives. Third, NAMA uses advanced technology in production, which enables it to manufacture high quality chemicals without causing adverse environmental damages. Fourth, the company has a diverse and talented workforce that consists of nationals from over 15 countries (NAMA, 2013). Thus, it is able to overcome the cultural conflicts that multinational corporations usually face in overseas markets. Finally, NAMA has a strong brand image that is associated with high quality in the global petrochemical industry. Weaknesses First, the company has a narrow product range. Concisely, it specializes in the production of chemicals rather than manufacturing a wide range of petrochemical products (NAMA, 2013). Reliance on chemicals always exposes the company to the risk of price and demand fluctuations, especially, when its customers (manufacturers) are recording poor financial performance.Advertising Looking for case study on busine ss economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, NAMA has a very poor financial record because it has been making losses since 2009 (NAMA, 2013). This will reduce its ability to raise capital for expansion and new product development. Third, serving overseas markets through exportation lowers the competitiveness of NAMA’s products. This is because they are subject to high import duties in countries such as China. Finally, NAMA’s top management consists of managers with high qualifications in areas such as chemical engineering rather than business or management disciplines. This leads to poor management, which partly explains the company’s inability to return to profitability. PESTEL Analysis Political Factors The main political factors that influence the performance of petrochemical firms include energy policies, as well as, liberalism and protectionism in global trade. Following the increase in public ou tcry concerning the pollution caused by fossil fuels, most western countries implemented policies that encourage the production of clean energy. The resulting decrease in oil and natural gas production reduced the competitiveness of western petrochemical manufacturers. Consequently, most western producers have been relocating to Asian and Middle East countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Singapore, which have high oil production and liberalized economies (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 1-25). This has led to high competition in Asian and Middle East economies, which have small domestic markets. Moreover, exportation from Asia is difficult due to the high tariffs charged in overseas markets such as the European Union and Africa. Thus, high competition in the Middle East and high export tariffs reduces the competitiveness of NAMA. Economic Factors Inflation (high feedstock prices) and GDP growth are the main economic factors that influence the performance of the industry. In 2012, Nort h America managed to reduce the price of its natural gas through increased exploration, thereby lowering the production costs of USA-based manufacturers (Margeson Masterson, 2012, pp. 20-40). Nonetheless, low gas prices are expected to reduce the profits of oil and gas companies in the medium term, thereby lowering gas production. Currently, Europe has the highest oil prices, thereby increasing the production costs of its petrochemical firms. Though China has limited supply of oil and gas, its petrochemical firms benefit from low labor costs. Asian and Middle East countries have access to low cost feedstock, but their domestic markets are small. These trends mean that NAMA has the opportunity to produce for the international market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on NAMA Chemical Co. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, the Euro-Zone has a low demand due to its economic crisis. Similarly, the USA wi ll not have a high demand because its GDP is expected to grow by less than 2% in the next 5 years (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). However, GDP growth in the emerging market economies is expected to average 6.5% in the next 5 years. The resulting increase in demand in these markets will improve NAMA’s earnings. Social Factors Rapid population growth and urbanization in emerging markets is expected to increase demand for goods such as drugs, textile, processed food, fertilizers, and automobiles in the next five years (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-76). These products are manufactured using the chemicals produced in the petrochemical industry. Thus, an increase in their demand will raise the demand for NAMA’s products. Technology In the last five years, Europe and the USA have significantly reduced their investments in research and development. In 2012, investments in research and development in Europe and the USA increased by 2.8% and 2.1% respectively. However, investments in research and development increased by 8.9% in the Asia-Pacific region (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). Additionally, the relocation of western petrochemical firms to Asia and the Middle East has resulted into technological transfers, which improve eastern firms’ competitiveness. Technological transfers from the west and increased investment in research and development in the Middle East enables NAMA to access advanced technologies, which will improve its competitiveness. Environment Petrochemical companies pollute the environment through greenhouse gas emissions because of their dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, the chemicals they produce have adverse environmental effects. Thus, the industry is characterized with high regulation, which involves scientific verification of the environmental impacts of each product (Margeson Masterson, 2012, pp. 20-40). Moreover, petrochemical firms pay high emission taxes, especially, in Europe and the USA. These taxes lower the profit s of companies such as NAMA. Legal Factor Consumer protection laws have a great influence in the petrochemical industry. In most countries, petrochemical products that are used as ingredients for processed food are subject to intense regulation. This involves setting high product quality standards, which are expensive to meet, thereby increasing production costs.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entrants The threat of new entrants in the industry is low due to the following reasons. First, joining the industry requires a significant amount of financial capital and advanced technologies, which potential investors do not have. Second, the incumbents have achieved economies of scale through multi-plant production systems (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 2-30). This gives them a competitive advantage over new entrants. Finally, the incumbents have an advantage in accessing raw materials (oil and gas) due to their large capacities. Concisely, oil producers prefer to supply large petrochemical firms who offer high prices and purchase large quantities. The low threat of new entrants is an opportunity for NAMA to increase its production in order to satisfy existing and emerging market needs. Power of Buyers There are very many buyers (petrochemical firms) in the industry who compete for the limited supply of oil and gas. Additionally, t he threat of backward integration is low because most petrochemical companies lack the capacity to drill their own oil and gas. Nonetheless, petrochemical firms have low switching costs since they can easily shift from one supplier to another. Moreover, suppliers’ products (oil and natural gas) have very low differentiation. In this regard, petrochemical firms including NAMA have a moderate bargaining power in the industry. This gives them a chance to negotiate for low prices for feedstock (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 214). Power of Suppliers The suppliers (oil and gas companies) have a fairly high bargaining power due to the following reasons. First, there are no substitutes for their products in the industry. Second, the demand for oil and gas is very high in other industries such as transportation and manufacturing. Thus, oil companies can only sell to petrochemical firms if the later offers high prices. Third, the threat of forward integration is high because most oil and gas companies have the capacity to establish their own petrochemical subsidiaries (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 1-25). Nonetheless, petrochemical firms have low switching costs and suppliers’ products lack differentiation. The high power of suppliers means that they can charge high prices for their products, thereby increasing NEMA’s production costs. Threat of Substitutes Chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and epoxy do not have direct substitutes because they are used for a variety of applications in different industrial processes. Additionally, available substitutes tend have low quality. For example, most experts agree that epoxy resin is superior to its substitutes such as polyester resin (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). In this regard, the threat of substitutes is low. This is an opportunity for NAMA to continue manufacturing high quality products in order to earn high profits. Competitive Rivalry The threat of competitive rivalry is very high because of the following f actors. First, the industry has a large number of firms that are competing for the global market. Second, the industry’s growth rate is low, thereby forcing firms to employ intensive marketing strategies to increase their earnings and market shares. Third, most companies have focused on product differentiation, thereby increasing competition on the basis of quality and benefits. Finally, storage costs of raw materials such as oil and finished products are very high. The high competition is a threat to NAMA’s growth because prices for its products are likely to decline, thereby reducing its profits. Additionally, it is likely to lose its market share to firms that are more efficient (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 95). Industry Life-cycle Analysis The global petrochemical industry is characterized with following trends. To begin with, differentiation and cost leadership strategies have become the norm in the industry. In Europe and North America, most producers are pursuing co st leadership strategies in order to maintain their profitability. In particular, they focus on implementing cost reduction strategies such as lean manufacturing in order to eliminate wastes. Additionally, most western petrochemical firms have contracted manufacturers in countries with cheap labor such as China to produce their products (Kalkman Keller, 2011, pp. 1-25). The resulting reduction in production costs enables western petrochemical firms to improve their profitability. In Asia and the Middle East, companies are pursuing both differentiation and cost leadership strategies. Unlike the west, Asian and Middle East markets still have segments that are not fully served, thereby necessitating product differentiation. The industry recorded a low growth in the last ten years. For example, in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, the industry grew by 5.7% and 3.2% respectively (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). In the EU and NAFTA trading blocs, the industry grew by 1.3% and 1.4% respective ly. The low growth has led to high competition in nearly all regions. Additionally, several segments have emerged as firms focus on serving emerging market needs. Finally, the main objective of firms in the industry is to defend their market shares (Todeva Fu, 2012, pp. 46-72). In this regard, they are focusing on marketing their products through promotional activities such as relationship selling, advertising and offering discounts on bulk purchases. Furthermore, the incumbent firms are concentrating on extending the life cycles of their products. This involves conducting research and development in order to improve existing products. The trends discussed in the foregoing paragraphs mean that the industry is at its maturity stage. In this regard, demand for NAMA’s products is likely to reduce as the industry approaches its decline stage. Additionally, the company can run out of business if it will not be able to withstand the high competition in the industry. SWOT Analysis The external environment analysis revels that NAMA faces several threats in the industry. These include high power of the suppliers, expected decline in demand due to the maturity of the industry, intense regulation, and high competition. Nonetheless, the industry has opportunities such as the expected increase in demand in emerging market economies, access to low cost feedstock in the Middle East, low threat of new entrants, and low threat of substitutes. Despite the threats in the industry, NAMA can still pursue its corporate strategy profitably. In particular, its talented workforce will enable it to develop high quality products that satisfy customer needs and meet global quality standards. Similarly, the workforce has the capacity to achieve process innovation, thereby enabling the company to avoid breaching environmental laws and the costs associated with it. Moreover, NAMA’s access to advanced technology will enable it to reduce its production costs and to expand its p roduct line. In this regard, the company will be able to serve new market segments. NAMA has a strong brand image that is known for quality. This strength will enable it to overcome intense competition in the industry. This is because customers usually prefer to buy products from companies whose products are associated with high quality. Since NAMA sells mostly to manufacturers, the demand for its products is likely to remain stable if it keeps its promise of supplying high quality products to the customers. Even though NAMA has been making losses in the last four years, it is still financially stable. The company’s current ratio (CR) decreased from 1.71 in 2011 to 1.26 in 2012. Despite this decline, the company is still liquid. This is because its CR of 1.26 means that it can pay all its current debts in the short term without difficulties. NAMA’s debt-to-equity ratio declined from 0.42 in 2011 to 0.47 in 2012. The company’s low debt-to-equity ratio means that it does not depend on debts to finance its expansion activities. The advantage of the low debt-to-equity ratio is that it will enable the firm to access capital from its shareholders and from local banks (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 275). In particular, any capital injected in the company for expansion purposes is likely to improve its revenues. The resulting increase in profits will enable the firm to pay the interest charged on its loans. The company can utilize the borrowed capital to finance activities such as marketing and product development in order to overcome competition. Nonetheless, the company might be denied credit due to its inability to return to profitability in the last four years. Despite the financial challenges facing the company, its competitive position is still strong. Thus, it is likely to overcome the threats in the industry if it leverages its strengths. NAMA’s Corporate-level strategy NAMA’s mission is to â€Å"supply customers with the highest- quality products and services, while maximizing value for all stakeholders through strategic growth† (NAMA, 2013). The company has set four strategic goals in order to achieve its mission. These include becoming the fifth largest epoxy producer in the world, exceeding international quality standards, and maintaining acceptable corporate ethics, as well as, using advanced and clean technologies to avoid environmental pollution. These goals support NAMA’s corporate strategy, which focuses on the production of various chemicals for the manufacturing sector in Saudi Arabia and overseas markets. The merit of this strategy is that focusing on one product line (chemicals) enhances specialization. Firms that specialize in producing a few products are often able to maintain high quality standards and to satisfy the needs of their clients. Nonetheless, specializing in chemicals is not appropriate due to the current industry trends. In particular, fluctuations in demand for chemic als will continue to impact negatively on the company’s sales and profits. Additionally, focusing on one segment (manufactures) denies the company the opportunity to serve other segments such as individual users of chemicals. Initially, NAMA focused on joining international markets through foreign direct investments (NAMA, 2013). However, the company has since resorted to joint venture deals in order to join overseas markets. The rationale of this strategy is that it enables NAMA to share risks with its partners in overseas markets. Joint venture deals also enable the company to utilize its partners’ resources such as distribution channels, financial capital, and market knowledge. In addition, the deals improve NAMA’s ability to penetrate overseas markets by serving the clients of its partners. These benefits improve the competitiveness of NAMA in overseas markets. The disadvantage of this strategy is that NAMA’s strategic goals might conflict with those of its partners, thereby lowering its competitiveness. NAMA’s Business-Level Strategy NAMA has two main divisions namely production of chemicals and provision of services. In the chemical production division, the company follows a differentiation strategy by manufacturing a variety of chemicals that are meant for specific industrial applications. The rationale of pursuing a differentiation strategy is that NAMA produces chemicals that are used by particular clients rather than the mass market. The competencies that enable NAMA to pursue the differentiation strategy include the following. First, the company has access to cutting-edge technology through its research and development department (NAMA, 2013). Research enables NAMA to develop new products and to modify existing ones in order to satisfy the needs of each client. Second, NAMA has talented employees who are able to utilize their creativity to find solutions to customers’ needs. Finally, NAMA has a good corporat e reputation or brand image that is associated with high quality. This enables it to charge premium prices in order to recover the high costs of producing high quality products. The services division focuses on manufacturing chemicals on behalf of overseas petrochemical companies. These services are usually provided by NAMA’s affiliates. The company pursues a cost leadership strategy in its services division. This is because the main factor that motivates overseas companies to hire Saudi-based firms to manufacture on their behalf is cost reduction. Thus, NAMA employs its resources efficiently to manufacture chemicals on behalf of its clients at a low cost (NAMA, 2013). The competencies that enable it to pursue this strategy include the following. To begin with, NAMA has access to financial capital that enables it to establish low-cost production plants and to increase the capacity of its existing facilities. For example, it used 436 million Saudi Riyal to expand its epoxy pla nt in 2010 in response to increasing demand. Additionally, NAMA has an efficient supply chain system that enables it to reduce the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods. Structure and Control System NAMA uses a product organizational structure to manage its employees and operations. In particular, the company has been organized into divisions that specialize in the production of specific products. For example, Arabian Alkali, which is one of NAMA’s subsidiaries, specializes in the production of anhydrous caustic soda (NAMA, 2013). This organizational structure enables NAMA to allocate adequate resources to each product line. Additionally, it enables the firm to improve efficiency in decision-making processes, thereby enabling it to respond to market needs in time. The managers who are in charge of each division report to the top management that oversees the operations of the group (NAMA, 2013). The management has put in place a performance-based remuneration s ystem in order to motivate managers and their employees to achieve the firm’s strategic objectives. This involves paying high salaries to employees in order to encourage them to improve their productivity. Moreover, the firm uses intrinsic rewards to improve the commitment of its employees. This involves rewarding employees who are able to achieve non-financial goals such as cooperating with other divisions, engaging in ethical behavior, and working effectively within teams. Recommendations First, NAMA should expand its product line in order to improve its profitability. In particular, it should diversify its product portfolio by introducing consumer goods such as soaps, packaging materials (polythene), synthetic fiber, and brushes. Introducing these products is possible because they are also made from feedstock. The rationale of introducing consumer goods is that their demand is more stable than that of chemicals. For example, people will continue to buy soaps even during re cessions albeit in small quantities. On the other hand, manufacturers who buy NAMA’s chemicals can close during recessions, thereby forcing NAMA to run out of business. Second, NAMA should hire managers with qualifications in finance and management rather than technical skills in engineering. Hiring managers with the right qualifications will enable the firm to understand market dynamics and to develop the right solutions (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 146). The process of changing the management team can be done over a one-year period through effective succession planning. Finally, the company should focus on entering overseas markets through joint ventures rather than exporting. This will enable it to improve the competitiveness of its products by avoiding high import duties in overseas markets (Witcher Chau, 2010, p. 187). This recommendation can be implemented in the next three years because the company will require adequate time to find the right partners in various overseas markets. References Kalkman, J., Keller, A. (2011). Global petrochemicals: Who is benefiting from the growth in the new world? London: Competence Center Global Chemicals. Margeson, J., Masterson, B. (2012). Global Chemistry Industry. Ottawa: Canadian Chemistry Association. NAMA. 2013. About us. Retrieved from http://www.nama.com.sa/. Todeva, E., Fu, Y. (2012). Multinational investment projects in the petrochemical industry in China. Journal of Knowledge Based Innovation in China, 2(1), 46-72. Witcher, B., Chau, V. (2010). Strategic management: Principles and practice. New York: McGraw-Hill. This case study on NAMA Chemical Co. was written and submitted by user Madeline Albert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Role of Sea Power in International Trade

The Role of Sea Power in International Trade Introduction The ability of one country to influence another economically, politically, and militarily has in the past heavily depended on sea power as the other part of the soldiers and the army were not strategic. In this essay, it will then be important to analyze the interactions of trade and naval power1.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sea Power in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To discuss how sea power was used to influence national strategies, economists have been using various economic models such as the gravity model of trade and the comparative advantage which controls the geographic, economic, and political factors. Theoretically and in the real sense, military conflicts among warring countries are expected to reduce trade through the established embargoes and disruptions. However, in contrast to the expectations of many, sometimes warring between two nations may not infl uence international trade if the countries have very minimal global reach (Penubarti Ward, 2000). Seapower The historical influence that the marines or the navy has had on international trade and the complications in comparing measures of sea power has been issues of discussion in the past. The links between sea power and trade have been an issue and how navy in the past has influenced maritime trade. As we focus on the warring nations, we shall therefore focus on how power projections2 have affected international trade in the past. The strategies used on the other hand were designed in such a way that they could connect the trading links between the country and her allies and also to her neutral countries. In doing so, this reduced the level of both military and civil goods available to support any of the enemy’s endeavors. The navies were also doing this in order to protect their own trade in a bid to boost trade between their countries and her allies. One of the most know n forms of economic combat that has been used by the navy is the strategy of guerre de course. This strategy is usually aimed at raiding and destroying the commerce systems of the enemy country.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is a more preferred strategy by nations which feel inferior and whose own trade and commerce felt threatened by a more powerful navy. Instances where this technique has been used includes the fledging of the US navy against the British early in the year 1862, the French also did the same against the British in the 19th and 20th centuries and the Germans against the allied powers during the two world wars3. The use of these techniques was in contrast to the expected history where the navies used to fight for show of power. in this case, the navy was fighting in order to make the trade immobile. In this case, by limiting the other country’s expor t would increase your exports to another country (Bartholomees, 2008). Major forces which were encouraging the use of this technique particularly by the French on the British were its dependence on international food supplies. The navies viewed that may be by inducing food shortages; social and labor unrests would arise in England thus weakening the military in the long run. Technological changes also influenced the decisions to engage in commerce raiding. With the creation and the introduction of torpedo boats and submarines in the navy, this made the guerre de course even more easy and effective. The typical aim of these attacks was to reduce the enemy’s ability to effectively carry out military operations. Among commercial blockades, those intended to starve or weaken the enemy’s population by reducing the importation of food and other necessities have traditionally received the most attention (Rahman, 2007 p. 6). In the past, it has been seen as a function of the n avy to protect an entire trading system. In return, the desire to increase the naval strength has sometimes been exaggerated every so often even forcing countries to change their policies. With policy makers feeling that their countries need more protection, this has led to the escalation of the naval budgets. For example, before the First World War, the British viewed that the Germany navy was not mostly aimed at protecting their own commerce but to destroy that of England. As a result, many policy makers in England felt that a complete command in the sea was the first requirement before the country could completely venture into commerce.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sea Power in International Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other naval actions which have hurt international trade, though most of the times at low levels, in the past include: The use of gun boat diplomacy4, flag display and the frequent policing on frequent waters. Most of the times these actions do not include anything more than showing the fleet but the show to intimidate or threaten serves the purpose. For example Ahmed (2007) gives the example of how the US maintained an Asiatic squadron5 of ships in the Far East during the past two centuries as they sought to advance and improve their commercial interests. As a result, their trade with China improved while destroying the trade relationship between Japan and China due to the military influence exerted by the Americans. Conclusion Navies or Seapower in general serves many functions with the interference of international trade being one of them. In the past, as we have seen, seapower has been used as an instrument in influencing trade and military operations: thus intertwining both commercial and naval interests where countries have used their sea power to influence the activities of others as well as enacting policies which seek to strengthen their mari ne power if they feel threatened. Bibliography of notes Measure of economic and naval power influence The power projections include use of guerrede course (war of race) strategies, blockades, embargoes and other less explicit forms of economic warfare Ahmed S. Rahman, 2007. Fighting the Forces of Gravity Seapower and Maritime Trade between the 18th and 20th Centuries Gunboat diplomacy for refers to the pursuit of some foreign policy objective through the use or threat of limited naval force A squadron is a military flight can simply be describes as a unit of military organization. Reference List Bartholomees, J. Boone. Eds. â€Å"U.S. Army War College Guide To National Security Issues† Volume I: Theory Of War And Strategy. 3rd Edition. (2008). Web. Penubarti, Mohan., and Ward, Michael. â€Å"Commerce and Democracy,† Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences Working Paper No. 6, University of Washington. (2000). Web.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rahman, Ahmed. â€Å"Fighting the Forces of Gravity† Seapower and Maritime Trade between the 18th and 20th Centuries. (2007). Web. Footnotes 1 Measure of economic and naval power influence 2 The power projections include use of guerrede course ( war of race) strategies, blockades , embargoes and other less explicit forms of economic warfare 3 Ahmed S. Rahman, 2007. Fighting the Forces of Gravity Seapower and Maritime Trade between the 18th and 20th Centuries 4 Gunboat diplomacy refers to the pursuit of some foreign policy objective through the use or threat of limited naval force 5 A squadron is a military flight can simply be describes as a unit of military organization.

Purple Fire - Easy Instructions for Colored Flames

Purple Fire - Easy Instructions for Colored Flames You can make purple fire yourself using common ingredients. Keep in mind purple is a tricky fire color to produce because there is no wavelength of light that is responsible for a color between red and violet, yet fire colors mostly are produced by the emission spectra of chemicals. In order to get purple, you need to produce violet flame and red flame. Purple Fire Ingredients You can burn the salts that produce the colors in any fire, but youll get the best results if you use a blue flame, like the type produced by lighter fluid or alcohol. Lighter fluid, alcohol or alcohol-based hand sanitizerLite salt (potassium chloride)Red emergency flare (contains strontium nitrate) Get Strontium From the Flare The emergency flare is a long cardboard tube with a striker at one end. Leave the striker end alone and use your fingers to peel away the bottom of the cardboard to reveal the powdery substance inside the flare. Collect this material in a bowl or plastic baggie. You only need a little, so store the rest for later. You can throw away the cardboard and striker (or save them for another project). Making the Purple Fire All you need to do is sprinkle some of the contents of the flare and some lite salt onto a fireproof surface, add the fuel and ignite the mixture. The proportions of the chemicals are a matter of personal preference. Add more lite salt if you want a more violet flame. If you want a reddish or pink flame, use a larger amount of flare content. Tips and Cautions Its fire, so treat it with respect. Further, be advised the flare contents will burn very brightly if you light them on their own. The best fuel for this project is diluted alcohol where water can moderate the rate of combustion. The flame in the picture uses an ethanol-based hand sanitizer. The project also works well with Ronsonol lighter fluid or with rubbing alcohol. However, lighting the mixture without the liquid fuel will give you just a bright red flame from the flare.

Conceptual and Practical Approaches for Assessment in Accounting Thesis

Conceptual and Practical Approaches for Assessment in Accounting - Thesis Example This essay declares that any business ventures prefer taking moderate risks. You find that before they commit their resources in any form of a business, they first assess the risks which might accrue when running their business and their ability to try and manage those risks, the benefits that they will realize after they have invested and the challenges they might come upon when running their business. Accounting information helps in solving this problem. This study will help to know how these elements of accounting also known as the flow of funds models are very vital in understanding the determinants of the economic growth and its likelihood of entering the debt driven recession. Flow of funds models and their underpinning are among the non-neo classical economic framework. This paper makes a conclusion that the finance, insurance and the real estate (FIRE) sector includes all sorts of wealth managing nonbanks firms which may include which generate credit flows. Liquidity from the FIRE sector flows to firms, households and the government as they borrow. This then facilitates fixed capital investment, production, consumption the value by which the accounting necessity can be jointly equal to the real sector incomes which are inform of profits, taxes, wages plus the financial investments and obligations (interest payments). Funds then originate in the banking parts of the FIRE sector they do circulate to the real economy or even they can return back to the FIRE sector inform of financial investments or even in the payment of debts services plus financial fees.

Agency Dream Position for Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Agency Dream Position for Advertising - Essay Example The skills necessary for this position include proficient multilingual skills. There is no need for talent but creativity is very essential for this position (Rachel Deahl, 2013). This means that one should be able to craft words and ideas by seeing images, slogans, and products. Social skills are necessary in addition to excellent organization and communication skills. Good administration as networking skills will be necessary if one is to succeed in this job. Self-motivation, flexibility, working under pressure, ability to multi task, resilience to absorb both internal and external criticism is also required. Good researching skills as well as an interest in popular culture and current trends is very necessary (Paul Owiti, 2014). I believe this position will suit me because of my good networking skills as well as my ability to multitask. I am very social, intelligent, sharp and always in tandem with the latest technology. I have good communication skills and I am excellent when it comes to team work. For all the above reasons, I believe I qualify to be a top copywriter. AGCAS Editors. (2013, December 13). Prospects: The UKs Official graduate careers website. Retrieved 2014, from Advertising copywriter: Entry requirements:

Analysis of Computer Use in Developing Country Education

Analysis of Computer Use in Developing Country Education Abstract This study identified the extent to which Iranian secondary school principals used computers and explored the relationship between a numbers of variables related to ICT use. These factors included high level of computer access, strong perceptions of the attributes of ICT, high level of computer competence, as well as the high level of transformational leadership behaviours, all contributed significantly to the level of computer use by principals. All four constructs are equally important but have varying impact on computer use. Therefore, all four constructs should be viewed in an integrated manner in accordance to the conceptual model proposed in this study. Keywords: ICT, Secondary school principals, Computer use Introduction One developing country that is currently pursuing the technological track in education is Iran. Irans National philosophy of Education calls for developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, and emotionally balanced and harmonious. The catalyst for this massive transformation will be technology which will improve how the educational system achieves the National Philosophy of Education, while fostering the development of a work force prepared to meet the challenges of the next century. With respect to this vision, Ministry of Education provided ICT related workshops and courses for principals and teachers. The plan emphasized that they should acquire seven fundamental digital computing skills (Kousha Abdoli, 2004). Although several institutions have completed the training programmes of their staff, research studies have not been done on the efficiency of this plan, knowledge, skills, and attitude that principals and teachers acquire during these courses. In fact, national programmes in developing countries are not based on research. Hence, successes of these programmes are limited (Albirini, 2006a). In addition, the Ministry of Education in Iran has invested much more fund to facilitate integration of ICT in schools. In spite of this large expenditure of funds, the potential for ICT to alter how principals use computers for instructional and administrative purposes, how teachers teach and how children learn in Iranian schools has not been fully realized since many Iranian schools do not use ICT in their teaching and learning and administrative purposes (Jahangard, 2003). It displays that computer was provided with no supplementary measures to enable principals and teachers to develop positive attitudes toward ICT in education and to use them. Also, in exploring the literature about the implementation of ICT in schools, an area which is noticeably absent in research on ICT implementation and integration is the role of the school principals as technology leaders. Although, some research studies have demonstrated that ICT has a huge impact on the ways in which principals work (Yuen , Law Wong, 2003; Schiller, 2003), the ICT research literature has tended to overlook the role of the principal as technology leaders (Schiller, 2003; Michael, 1998; Riffel Levin, 1997). This gap in the research literature is rather strange because there is considerable literature relating to school effectiveness, school improvement and change which identifies the school principal as a key factor in bringing about successful change in schools (e.g. Hall Hord, 2001; Fullan, 2002). According to Schiller (2003), school leaders are key factors in implementation ICT in schools. They have a main responsibility for creating school change through use of ICT and facilitate complex decisions about integration of ICT into learning and teaching. Although the role of the principal in supporting technology integration is very important there are little Iranian researches on the role of the principal in the implementation of ICT. Also, little is known about the use of ICT by principals and factors that are related to their level of computer use. This article will report on these issues from an analysis of data gathered from secondary school principals in Tehran, Iran. Review of the literature Effective leadership is an important element in the success of schools seeking to implement change (Calabrese, 2002). Anderson and Dexter (2005) reported on the analysis of data from the 1998 Teaching, Learning, and Computing survey of more than 800 schools in the USA and concluded that although technology infrastructure is important, for educational technology to become an integral part of a school, technology leadership is even more necessary (p. 74). Without the support of school leaders the educational potential of information and communications technology may not be realized. They play various roles such as change agent, lifelong learner, main supporter, and resource provider in relation to ICT implementation in schools (Han, 2002). If principals want to lead effectively their school in technology integration, they should embrace technology and realize the role that technology can play in the teaching-learning process. In fact, it is difficult to imagine a leader who does not us e technology trying to convince teachers that it is important (Cafolla Knee, 1995, P.3). Therefore, principals need to understand the capacities of the new technologies, to have a personal proficiency in their use, and be able to promote a school culture which encourages exploration of new techniques in teaching, learning and management (Schiller, 2003). According to Albirini (2006a), access to computer resources has often been one of the most important barriers for the integration of technology in both developed and developing countries. Norris, Sullivan, Poirot and Soloway (2003) reported on the analysis of data from the snapshot survey of more than 4,000 K-12 schools in the USA and concluded that there was a significant and substantive correlation between level of access to computer and level of computer use. Also, Rogers (2003) stated that the perceived attributes of an innovation are one of the important factors in explaining the rate of adoption of an innovation. A large amount of the variance in the rate of adoption of innovations, from 49 to 87 percent, is explained by five attributes: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability (Rogers, 2003). The five attributes refer respectively to: (1) the degree to which an innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supersedes; (2) the extent t o which an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experience, and needs of potential adopters; (3) the degree to which an innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand and use; (4) the extent to which the results of an innovation are visible to others; and (5) the degree to which an innovation is experimented with on a limited basis. Regarding the relationship between perceived innovation characteristics and computer technology adoption, Al-Gahtani (2003) conducted a quantitative research in Saudi Arabia and found that relative advantage, compatability and observability were positively related to the adoption of technology, whereas complexity was negatively correlated. Hence, innovations that are perceived by individuals as having greater relative advantage, compatability, observability, and less complexity will be adopted more rapidly than other innovations (Rogers, 2003). Principals attitudes toward ICT have been recognized as an important factor for the success of technology integration in education (Han, 2002; Mooij Smeets, 2001; Rogers, 2003). Attitude is defined as a positive or a negative feeling associated with performing a specific behaviour (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). In fact, an individual will have a favorable attitude if he or she believes that the performance of the behaviour will lead to mostly positive results and vice-versa (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). Ajzen and Fishbein (2005) indicated that attitudes consist of three elements: affect, cognition, and behaviour. The affective element refers to the individuals emotional feelings or liking of a person or an object. The cognitive element refers to the persons knowledge about a person or an object. The behavioural element refers to the persons overt behaviour towards a person or an object. A complete description of attitude requires that all three components be assess by obtaining measures of all the three response classes (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). Han (2002) conducted a case study on pre-school leaders practices in the use of ICT and found that principals who have positive attitudes toward technology are very helpful and supportive in introducing these new technologies into the school. For example, they encourage their colleagues to have ICT training, equip the school with sufficient computers and ensure staff has access to relevant technology. Apart from that, Liaw (2002) stated that no matter how capable the technology is, the effective implementation of technology depends upon users positive attitudes towards the technology. According to Noraini Idris et al. (2007), individuals with positive attitudes will have positive feelings about people and situations; have a sense of purpose, excitement, and passion; approach problems in a creative manner; make the best out of every situation; realize that attitude is a choice; feel that they have control of their thoughts; and feel that they are making a contribution through their wo rk. Therefore, principals who have positive attitudes toward ICT feel more contented using it and regularly incorporate it into their tasks (Kersaint, Horton, Stohl Garofalo, 2003). According to Rogers (2003), innovation-decision process consists of five steps which are knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. These five steps usually follow each other in a time-ordered manner. Knowledge is the first stage of the successful adoption of computer technologies and it is essential for other steps in the innovation-decision process. If principals do not have enough competent in computer use, they cannot be expected to adopt computer technologies into their instructional and administrative tasks. Without the knowledge and skill of computer technology, principals might have a high level of uncertainty that influence their opinions and beliefs about the innovation (Rogers, 2003). In line with this idea, Felton (2006) stated that competence is a key to the use of computers by principals on a daily basis. In fact, competence in operating a computer and in utilizing software may improve the quality and efficiency of administrative performance in s chools. Improved quality could lead to improved decision-making. In order to achieve high levels of principals competence in ICT, there is a need to provide training, and perhaps unsurprisingly, there is a great deal of literature evidence to suggest that effective training is crucial if principals are to use ICT effectively in their work (Kirkwood, 2000). If training is inadequate or inappropriate, then principals will not be sufficiently prepared, and perhaps not sufficiently confident, to make full use of technology. Hence, lack of principals competence and lack of quality training for principals can be barriers to principals use of ICT. Many technology experts have indicated that the integration of ICT in education should occur in the light of the cultural conditions of the country and the prevailing school culture (Albirini, 2006b; Govender Govender, 2009). In fact, cultural barriers, either societal or organizational, are very important among the barriers to the adoption of technology. Societies and organizations can overcome most of the technical barriers through different means of support, but cultural barriers are harder to deal with. It is widely accepted that culture, within a society or an organization, shapes individuals perceptions of innovations. In the field of education, it has been noticed that principals reactions to technology innovations are mediated by their cultural perceptions (Felton, 2006). According to Rogers (2003), a cultural perception is a very general idea of social system norms. Also, it refers to the cultural suitability of computers (Thomas, 1987). Furthermore, Albirini (2006a) carrie d out a study examining the factors relating to the teachers attitudes toward ICT. He collected evidence from high school English teachers about their perceptions of computer attributes, cultural perceptions, computer competence, and computer access. The sample consisted of 63 male and 251 female teachers. The results showed that computer attributes, cultural perceptions, and computer competence are factors that explain the greatest amount of variance in computer attitudes. Also, he stated that cultural perceptions toward different computer-related technologies are key factors related to both the initial acceptance of these technologies as well as future behaviour regarding their usage. Similarly, Lee, Choi, Kim and Hong, (2007) conducted a study on the relationship between users cultural profiles and technology adoption in the context of the mobile Internet. Their findings of large-scale on-line surveys in Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan indicate that cultural factors have a significa nt influence on users adoption perceptions of mobile Internet services. So, they concluded that cultural differences are a contributing factor in the adoption of technology, particularly in third world countries. According to Flanagan and Jacobsen (2003), leadership plays a key role in the success of technology utilization in education. Thomas (2001) stated that there is a strong link between educational technology and school leadership. Leadership style is exhibited by the leader could help or hinder technology infusion (Flanagan Jacobsen, 2003; Thomas, 2001). One of the best styles of leadership that can change and transform individuals is transformational leadership (Northouse, 2001). Transformational leadership occurs when one or more persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality (Bass Riggio, 2006). In other words, transformational leadership is a process that both the manager and followers should change themselves (Northouse, 2001). Although the transformational leader plays an essential role in precipitating change, followers and leaders are inextricably bound together in the transformation process (N orthouse, 2001). This type of leadership is becoming more and more important to organizations, as workforces become more diverse, technology improves and international competition heightens. Transformational leadership is comprised of four distinct dimensions: charismatic leadership or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration (Bass Riggio, 2006). Idealized influence (attributed) demonstrates attributes of principals that motivate respect and pride and display a sense of power and confidence; idealized influence (behaviour) refers to the principals behaviour to communicate values, purpose, and importance of mission; inspirational motivation refers to leaders that motivate and inspire others by challenging them to exert effort; Intellectual stimulation stimulates followers efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways; and individualized consideration focuses on development and mentoring of followers and attends to individual needs(Bass Riggio, 2006). Beatty and Lee (1992, as cited in Thite, 2000) conducted several case studies of the implementation of CAD/CAM systems in numerous British and Canadian companies in an effort to investigate the linkage between leadership and technological change in organizations. Through semistructured interviews and using a critical incident approach to assessing leadership abilities, the researchers tracked managerial involvement throughout the implementation process. The outcome of their qualitative research suggests that a transformational approach to leadership is likely to be more effective in overcoming barriers to change than a transactional leadership approach that concentrates on technical problem solving to the neglect of people and organizational issues. According to Burns (2003), transactional leadership involves exchanging one thing for another. In fact, the effective transactional leaders are expert in giving and taking. This style is useful for stable situations but is less useful for organizations that are faced to environmental turbulence or rapid change (Kirkbride, 2006). Transactional leadership was measured by contingent reward and management-by-exception ­ (active and passive). Contingent reward leaders explain the expectations of followers and the compensation they will receive if they meet their performance expectations. Management-by-exception-active leaders attend to followers mistakes and failures to meet standards and management-by-exception-passive leaders react to correct action after problems become serious enough (Bass Riggio, 2006). Regarding the importance of transformational leadership as an influence on principals use of technology, Christopher (2003) conducted a study at the University of Virginia. A self-designed instrument was used in this study. Leadership items were taken from Bass and Avolios Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Leader Form. Surveys were sent to a random sample of 397 principals throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia, and 185 principals participated in the survey. Her analysis indicated that the overall extent that principals used decision support technologies was significantly correlated with their perceptions of all four transformational leadership behaviors (individual influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration). Also, she suggested that educational leadership programs should be provided to train principals to use technology as a management tool. If principals do not use technology on a consistent basis; the principal should not expec t the faculty to use technology regularly. Modeling the use of technology provides an affective method for exposing teachers to new strategies and demonstrating to the staff that it is acceptable to take risks and make mistakes, without the fear of retribution (Dawon Rakes, 2003) The study The purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which secondary school principals use computers in Tehran (a large province in Iran) and to explore factors related to level of computer use by principals. Selected factors used in this study were based on Rogers (2003) diffusion theory, Technology Acceptance Model, and previous researchs which include perceived computer attributes; computer competence; computer access; principals attitude toward computers; leadership style of principals; and cultural perceptions. Principals profiles (gender, age, and administrative experience, type of school, and academic degree, as well as information regarding background in computer training) were also included in order to ensure maximum possible control of extraneous variables by building them into the design of the study (Gay Airasian, 2000). More specifically, this study addresses the following questions: What is the level of computer use by secondary school principals? What are the principals attitudes toward computers? What are the principals perceptions of: Computer attributes? Their level of computer competence? Cultural relevance of computers to Iranian society and schools? Their level of access to computers? What is the leadership style (transformational and transactional leadership) of principals? What is the relationship between the level of computer use by secondary school principals and their perceptions of each of the above variables? What is the proportion of the variance in the level of computer use by secondary school principals that can be explained by the selected independent variables and the relative significance of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable? Methodology This was a descriptive study of an exploratory nature. Creswell (2003) stated that exploratory studies are most advantageous when not much has been written about the topic or the population being studied (p. 30).The target population in this study was Iranian secondary school principals in the province of Tehran during the 2007-2008 school years. The list of principals was based on the secondary principals Directory. The Directory is maintained and updated on a quarterly basis by Tehran Department of Education. The total number of secondary school principals was 1312 in the Directory of the Department of Education in Tehran. Furthermore, a set of questionnaire was used to obtain the required data for this study. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part A measured the perceived level of computer use by principals. Factors that were related to it were measured in part B. Questionnaires were distributed to 320 sample principals selected randomly from the population. In this study, stratified sampling was used because Tehran is one of the biggest cities in Iran and consists of 19 educational areas. Also, the population to be sampled was not homogeneous but, in essence, consisted of several subpopulations (Wiersma, 1995). When sub-populations vary significantly, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently. Researcher used this stratified sampling method to have less variability in selection. Two indispensable characteristics of measurement that must be considered in establishing the appropriateness and usefulness of measurement instrument are reliability and validity. Although theses instruments were valid, face and content validity of these instruments were established again by a panel of expert. To ensure that Iranian secondary school principals had a complete comprehension of the instrument used in the study, the survey was translated from English into Persian using the double back translation method to ensure the accuracy of the Persian version. Furthermore, Cronbachs alpha was used to measure internal consistency and calculated via the SPSS 15 statistical package. Cronbach alpha is the most common form of internal consistency reliability coefficient. The Cronbachs alpha coefficients for these scales were: Computer Access Scale=0.867, Computer Attributes Scale =0.909, Attitude toward ICT Scale =0.92, Computer Competence Scale=0.97, Cultural Perceptions Scale=0.611, Transformational leadership style Scale=0.812, Transactional leadership style Scale=0.596 and Level of computer use Scale=0.917. To carry out this study, first, approval was obtained from the Ministry of Education and also contact was made with the research department of Tehrans Ministry of Education A meeting was arranged to discuss the proposed study. Furthermore, a letter of introduction and a questionnaire packet were delivered to the superintendent in the research department for review. Finally, approval was received from the superintendent and permitted the researcher to attend the principals meeting in each educational area of the Ministry of Education. A total of 350 pockets were distributed among all members of the sample in these sessions. In the packet, there were materials. These materials include a cover letter, the questionnaire, and a stamped, addressed return envelope was enclosed for some respondents convenience in returning the completed questionnaires. The completed questionnaires were collected at the end of these sessions. Principals who could not fill their questionnaires completely were given approximately three weeks from that date to return the questionnaires by mail. In all, 350 surveys were distributed, 320 were returned, resulting in a return rate of 91.4%. All of the returned surveys, a total of 320, were used in the analysis. In this study descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize the properties of the mass of data collected from the respondents (Gay Airasian, 2000). Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between each of the independent variables and the level of computer use by secondary school principals in Tehran. Furthermore, multiple regression was used to measure the degree to which the independent variables would explain the proportion of variance in the dependent variables and to identify the relative significance of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable. By convention, an a level of 0.05 was established a priori for determining statistical significance. Findings and Discussion The findings indicated that about 51.6% of the respondents were males and more than half of the respondents (50.3%) were within the 45-54 age range. About 44.7% of the respondents had 21 or more years of experience. More than half of the respondents (53.1%) worked in private schools, and approximately 60.3% of the respondents held bachelors degrees. Moreover, the majority of the participants (95.5%) reported that they had computer training, and 83.8% of them had more than 60 hours training. In terms of the type of training, more than half of the principals participating in the study (52.8%) reported that they received their training through in-service training. Computer Use by Principals The dependent variable, level of computer use, was quantified by the score of 39 items using a five-point Likert scale. Each item was rated by respondents from 1 (Never use) to 5 (use daily). This scale was developed by Felton (2006). According to this questionnaire, four domains of computer use such as Internet use, hardware and software use, instructional use, and administrative use were measured. Table 1 Distribution of Mean Scores on the Computer Use Scale According to Table 1, the principals perceptions of the level of computer use were moderate; with an overall mean score of 3.32 (SD= 0.76). Also, findings indicated that principals spent a few times a week working on their computers. It would seem that Iranian principals need effective and extensive trainings to raise their proficiency in computer use and integrate technology into their schools. Moreover, analysis of collected data on the computer use scale showed that among the subscales of the level of computer use, Internet use had the highest mean (M = 3.49). Also, findings showed that nearly all the respondents used the Internet at home and at school , and the most frequent use of Internet was for sending and receiving e-mail (46.9% 2 or 3 times a week). It would seem that e-mail was the most accepted application among principals who were surveyed. In fact, there may be several reasons for this—e-mail is efficient, widely available, and effective. Thus, it is not surprising that email was accepted and used far more by the sample population of this study. Principals can increase their professional knowledge in the form of knowing current research, new technologies, and best teaching practices through the use of the Internet. Findings of this study showed that most of the respondents used a web browser a few times a week to explore professional and educational resources. Three reasons may underline the obtained results. The first possible reason is that low telecommunication density and very low bandwidth during peak hours sometimes makes it impossible to download files or software. Furthermore, most of the principals have little Internet experience; it was not comfortable for them to spend time on uses other than e-mail or some sort of urgent browsing. Lastly lack of knowledge and skill for searching and downloading the valuable professional and educational resources also limit the use of the Interne. In fact, the Internet can be an avenue for researching information and data. It helps principals to find information regarding their pr ofession and educational subjects in order to develop processes for effective decision-making and problem solving which result in better accountability (Felton, 2006). Therefore, trainings should be provided for principals to learn all possible Internet resources with underlying techniques of strategic browsing to enhance their Internet literacy (Atkinson Kydd, 1997). As for the hardware and software use subscale, the main use for computers was in word processing, whereas construction of spreadsheets, databases and presentations (such as Powerpoint) was used never or a few times a month. Only 2.5 percent of principals stated that they read spreadsheets daily at work with 20.0 percent indicating use 2 or 3 times a week, while 56.9 percent indicated that they had read never or a few times a month a spreadsheet. These results are consistent with Schillers (2003) study. He found that the word processing was the most frequently utilized software among the principals and they used it to create documents and slides. Regarding the instructional use domain, the majority of participants indicated that they two or three times a week used computers for recording observation; monitoring student achievement for specific objectives and grades; creating master schedules; recording discipline referrals; writing up classroom observations; monitoring achievement test data; locating curriculum resources; developing or write curriculum; and creating graphs and charts. Plomp and Pelgrum (1992) stated that one way in which computers might work their way into the school is through administrative use and that this might lead to the use of computers in instruction. An examination of data showed that mean score of the administrative use subscale was lower than another subscales, and computer use for instructional purposes was generally ahead of administrative uses. Moreover, findings indicated that within the area of administrative uses, communicating with staff, and members of the wider school, initiating and sust aining collaborative activities with colleagues within and outside their school were the areas of greatest use, while financial matters, maintaining of administrative records about students, using a programme to analyze information for solving problems, using technology to support levels of professional collaboration, and using technology to participate new kinds of professional development were the areas of least use. Therefore, the early assumption that the introduction of computers into schools for administrative purposes would spread to their use for instructional purposes was not supported by the data. Principals Attitudes toward ICT in Education Attitude scale contained 23 items that asked respondents to describe their attitudes towards ICT. This scale was developed by Albirini in 2006a and comprised of three subscales: affective domain; cognitive domain, and behavioral domain. Respondents attitudes were measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicated positive attitudes towards ICT while lower scores indicated less positive attitudes. Table 2 Distribution of Mean Scores on the Attitude toward ICT Scale As Table 2 illustrates, principals attitudes towards ICT were positive, with an overall mean of 4.05 and a standard deviation of 0.44. Principals positive attitudes towards ICT exhibit their initiation into the innovation-decision process (Rogers, 2003). It seems that Iranian principals have already gone through the Knowledge and Persuasion stages (Rogers, 2003) and are probably proceeding to the Decision phase. As many theorists have indicated, attitudes can often foretell future behaviours (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). Thus, it can be concluded that principals who have positive attitudes towards ICT in education, use computer in their administrative and instructional tasks once computers become more available to them. At this stage, principals exp